Figure 1
Experimental design and timing of the predictive reading task.
Figure 2
Experimental design and timing of the SRT task (adapted from Schendan et al. (2003)).
Figure 3
Performance in the predictive reading task. Mean reaction times (ms) are presented as a function of context (related vs. scrambled) and condition (semantic vs. syntactic). Errors bars indicate within-participant standard errors.
Figure 4
Performance in the SRT task. (A) Correct responses (/96) as a function of blocks (sequential blocks 1 to 6 and 8, random block 7). (B) Mean reaction time (ms) as a function of blocks. Errors bars indicate within-participant standard errors.
Figure 5
Performance in the auditory (ASL) and visual (CVL) statistical learning task. (A) Distribution of ASL scores. (B) Distribution of VSL scores. The black dashed lines indicate the chance level (16.67 trials) and the solid black lines the group averages.
Table 1
Correlation coefficients for our three statistical learning tasks (SRT, ASL, VSL). Significant Pearson correlations are marked by asterisks: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (FDR correction).
| VSLa | SRT12b | SRT16c | SRT67d | SRT78e | SRTf | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASLa | 0.336* (<.05) | 0.059 (.801) | 0.074 (.750) | –0.149 (.497) | –0.144 (.497) | –0.168 (.497) |
| VSL | –0.127 (.500) | –0.165 (.497) | –0.136 (.497) | 0.149 (.497) | 0.002 (.987) | |
| SRT12 | 0.793*** (<.001) | 0.102 (.191) | –0.015 (.986) | 0.050 (.497) | ||
| SRT16 | 0.260*** (<.001) | –0.025 (.962) | 0.134 (.083) | |||
| SRT67 | 0.509*** (<.001) | 0.877*** (<.001) | ||||
| SRT78 | 0.859*** (<.001) | |||||
| Computed correlation used Pearson-method with listwise-deletion. | ||||||
[i] a Raw score.
b Mean RT of the 1st sequential block – mean RT of the 2nd sequential block.
c Mean RT of the 1st sequential block – mean RT of the 6th sequential block.
d Mean RT of the 7th random block – mean RT of the 6th sequential block.
e Mean RT of the 7th random block – mean RT of the 8th sequential block.
f Mean RT of the 7th random block – mean RT of the 6th and 8th sequential block.
Table 2
Correlation coefficients of our three statistical learning tasks (SRT, ASL, VSL) and our predictive reading task. Significant Pearson correlations are marked by asterisks: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (FDR correction).
| SYNTACTIC PREDICTION | ASLa | VSLa | SRT12b | SRT16c | SRT67d | SRT78e | SRTf | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semantic prediction | 0.065 (0.83) | 0.088 (0.83) | –0.108 (0.83) | 0.134 (0.55) | –0.006 (0.98) | –0.077 (0.75) | –0.213 (0.18) | –0.171 (0.36) |
| Syntactic prediction | 0.123 (0.82) | 0.327 (0.36) | 0.010 (0.98) | –0.031 (0.98) | 0.075 (0.76) | –0.153 (0.41) | –0.048 (0.83) | |
| Prediction in reading (average) | 0.146 (0.62) | 0.169 (0.60) | 0.043 (0.83) | –0.022 (0.91) | 0.034 (0.85) | –0.139 (0.41) | –0.062 (0.78) | |
| Computed correlation used Pearson-method with listwise-deletion. | ||||||||
[i] a Raw score.
b Mean RT of the 1st sequential block – mean RT of the 2nd sequential block.
c Mean RT of the 1st sequential block – mean RT of the 6th sequential block.
d Mean RT of the 7th random block – mean RT of the 6th sequential block.
e Mean RT of the 7th random block – mean RT of the 8th sequential block.
f Mean RT of the 7th random block – mean RT of the 6th and 8th sequential block.
Table 3
Correlation coefficients between the reading level and the reading speed of our participant, and the predictive reading measures. Significant Pearson correlations are marked by asterisks: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (FDR corrected).
| READING SPEED | PREDICTION IN READING | SEMANTIC PREDICTION | SYNTACTIC PREDICTION | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reading level | –0.327*** (<.001) | 0.207* (<.05) | 0.101 (.369) | 0.208 (.070) |
| Reading speed | –0.204* (<.05) | –0.195 (.085) | –0.178 (.104) | |
| Computed correlation used Pearson-method with listwise-deletion. | ||||
Table 4
Correlation coefficients between the reading level and the reading speed of our participant, and our three statistical learning tasks (SRT, ASL, VSL). Significant Pearson correlations are marked by asterisks: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (FDR corrected).
| ASLa | VSLa | SRT12b | SRT16c | SRT67d | SRT78e | SRTf | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reading level | 0.419** (<.01) | 0.282 (.142) | 0.107 (.455) | 0.110 (.455) | 0.236* (<.05) | 0.023 (.929) | 0.149 (.250) |
| Reading speed | –0.211 (.319) | 0.048 (.891) | –0.094 (.475) | 0.010 (.986) | –0.276* (<.05) | 0.005 (.986) | –0.156 (.231) |
| Computed correlation used pearson-method with listwise-deletion. | |||||||
[i] a Raw score.
b Mean RT of the 1st sequential block – mean RT of the 2nd sequential block.
c Mean RT of the 1st sequential block – mean RT of the 6th sequential block.
d Mean RT of the 7th random block – mean RT of the 6th sequential block.
e Mean RT of the 7th random block – mean RT of the 8th sequential block.
f Mean RT of the 7th random block – mean RT of the 6th and 8th sequential block.
Table S1
Psychometric properties of all variables with their distributions
| VARIABLES | N | MIN | MAX | MEAN | ST.DEV | SKEWNESS | KURTOSIS | HISTOGRAM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reading level | 120 | 25 | 77 | 56.98 | 13.51 | –0.60 | –0.53 |  |
| Reading speed | 120 | 436.7 | 974 | 660.4 | 111.98 | 0.60 | –0.17 |  |
| Prediction in reading (average) | 120 | –0.04 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0. 75 | 2.63 |  |
| Semantic prediction | 94 | –0.05 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.38 | 1.02 |  |
| Syntactic prediction | 96 | –0.06 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.60 |  |
| ASL | 50 | 9 | 31 | 18.82 | 4.13 | 0.45 | 0.74 |  |
| VSL | 50 | 14 | 40 | 26.92 | 6.71 | –0.008 | –0.85 |  |
| SRT | 120 | –0.03 | 0.68 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.92 | 2.49 |  |
| SRT12 | 120 | –0.08 | 0.72 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 1.65 | 5.81 |  |
| SRT16 | 120 | –0.09 | 0.97 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 1.94 | 7.70 |  |
| SRT78 | 120 | –0.19 | 0.58 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 1.34 |  |
Figure S1
Example of three trials: two “pattern recognition” trials and 1 “pattern completion” trial (taken from Siegelman, Bogaerts, & Frost, 2017). The instructions were presented in French.
Figure S2
Shapes used in the VSL task (taken from Fiser & Aslin, 2001).