References
- Amenta, S., & Crepaldi, D. (2012). Morphological processing as we know it: An analytical review of morphological effects in visual word identification. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1–12. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00232
- Andrews, S., & Hersch, J. (2010). Lexical precision in skilled readers: Individual differences in masked neighbor priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139(2), 299–318. DOI: 10.1037/a0018366
- Andrews, S., & Lo, S. (2012). Not all skilled readers have cracked the code: Individual differences in masked form priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(1), 152–163. DOI: 10.1037/a0024953
- Andrews, S., & Lo, S. (2013). Is morphological priming stronger for transparent than opaque words? It depends on individual differences in spelling and vocabulary. Journal of Memory & Language, 68, 279–296. DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2012.12.001
- Baayen, R. H. (2008). Analyzing Linguistic Data: A Practical Introduction to Statistics Using R. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511801686
- Baayen, R. H., Milin, P., Filipovic Durdevic, D., Hendrix, P., & Marelli, M. (2011). An amorphous model for morphological processing in visual comprehension based on naive discriminative learning. Psychological Review, 118, 438–482. DOI: 10.1037/a0023851
- Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3). DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
- Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). Lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1.1-5.
http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4 - Beyersmann, E., Casalis, S., Ziegler, J. C., & Grainger, J. (2015). Language proficiency and morpho-orthographic segmentation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 1054–1061. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-014-0752-9
- Beyersmann, E., Castles, A., & Coltheart, M. (2011). Early morphological decomposition during visual word recognition: Evidence from masked transposed-letter priming. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(5), 937–942. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-011-0120-y
- Beyersmann, E., Castles, A., & Coltheart, M. (2012). Morphological processing during visual word recognition in developing readers: Evidence from masked priming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(7), 1306–1326. DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.656661
- Beyersmann, E., Coltheart, M., & Castles, A. (2012). Parallel processing of whole-words and morphemes in visual word recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(9), 1798–1819. DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.672437
- Beyersmann, E., & Grainger, J. (2023).
The role of embedded words and morphemes in reading . In D. Crepaldi (Ed.), Linguistic Morphology in the Mind and Brain. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781003159759-3 - Beyersmann, E., Grainger, J., & Castles, A. (2019). Embedded stems as a bootstrapping mechanism for morphological parsing during reading development. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 182, 196–210. DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.01.010
- Beyersmann, E., Kezilas, Y., Coltheart, M., Castles, A., Ziegler, J. C., Taft, M., & Grainger, J. (2018). Taking the book from the bookshelf: Masked constituent priming effects in compound words and nonwords. Journal of Cognition, 1(1), 1–10. DOI: 10.5334/joc.11
- Beyersmann, E., Ziegler, J. C., Castles, A., Coltheart, M., Kezilas, Y., & Grainger, J. (2016). Morpho-orthographic segmentation without semantics. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23(2), 533–539. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-015-0927-z
- Bijeljac-Babic, R., Biardeau, A., & Grainger, J. (1997). Masked orthographic priming in bilingual word recognition. Memory & Cognition, 25(4), 447–457. DOI: 10.3758/BF03201121
- Bordag, D., Gor, K., & Opitz, A. (2022). Ontogenesis Model of the L2 Lexical Representation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 25(2), 185–201. DOI: 10.1017/S1366728921000250
- Chauncey, K., Grainger, J., & Holcomb, P. (2008). Code-switching effects in bilingual word recognition: A masked priming study with event-related potentials☆. Brain and Language, 105(3), 161–174. DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2007.11.006
- Ciaccio, L. A., & Jacob, G. (2019). Native speakers like affixes, L2 speakers like letters? An overt visual priming study investigating the role of orthography in L2 morphological processing. PLOS ONE, 14(12),
e0226482 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226482 - Clahsen, H., Felser, C., Neubauer, K., Sato, M., & Silva, R. (2010). Morphological Structure in Native and Nonnative Language Processing. Language Learning, 60(1), 21–43. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00550.x
- Davis, C. J., & Lupker, S. J. (2006). Masked inhibitory priming in english: Evidence for lexical inhibition. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 32(3), 668–687. DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.32.3.668
- Dawson, N., Rastle, K., & Ricketts, J. (2018). Morphological effects in visual word recognition: Children, adolecents, and adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 44(4), 645–654. DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000485
- Dawson, N., Rastle, K., & Ricketts, J. (2021). Finding the man amongst many: A developmental perspective on mechanisms of morphological decomposition. Cognition, 211, 104605. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104605
- Diependaele, K., Duñabeitia, J. A., Morris, J., & Keuleers, E. (2011). Fast morphological effects in first and second language word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 64(4), 344–358. DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2011.01.003
- Diependaele, K., Sandra, D., & Grainger, J. (2009). Semantic transparency and masked morphological priming: The case of prefixed words. Memory & Cognition, 37, 895–908. DOI: 10.3758/MC.37.6.895
- Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(3), 175–197. DOI: 10.1017/S1366728902003012
- Dijkstra, T., Wahl, A., Buytenhuijs, F., Van Halem, N., Al-Jibouri, Z., De Korte, M., & Rekké, S. (2019). Multilink: A computational model for bilingual word recognition and word translation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(04), 657–679. DOI: 10.1017/S1366728918000287
- Feldman, L. B. (2000). Are morphological effects distinguishable from the effects of shared meaning and shared form? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1431–1444. DOI: 10.1037//0278-7393.26.6.1431
- Feldman, L. B., Barac-Cikoja, D., & Kostić, A. (2002). Semantic aspects of morphological processing: Transparency effects in Serbian. Memory & Cognition, 30(4), 629–636. DOI: 10.3758/BF03194964
- Feldman, L. B., Soltano, E. G., Pastizzo, M. J., & Francis, S. E. (2004). What do graded effects of semantic transparency reveal about morphological processing? Brain and Language, 90(1–3), 17–30. DOI: 10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00416-4
- Fiorentino, R., & Fund-Reznicek, E. (2009). Masked morphological priming of compound constituents. The Mental Lexicon, 4(2), 159–193. DOI: 10.1075/ml.4.2.01fio
- Forster, K. I. (1987).
Form priming with masked primes: The best match hypothesis . In M. Coltheart (Ed.), Attentionand performance XII: The psychology of reading. Erlbaum. - Forster, K. I., & Forster, J. C. (2003). DMDX: A Windows display program with millisecond accuracy. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35(1), 116–124. DOI: 10.3758/BF03195503
- Forster, K. I., & Veres, C. (1998). The prime lexicality effect: Form-priming as a function of prime awareness, lexical status, and discrimination difficulty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 24(2), 498–514. DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.24.2.498
- Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2019). An R companion to applied regression (2nd ed.). Sage.
- Freeman, M. R., Robinson Anthony, J. J. D., Marian, V., & Blumenfeld, H. K. (2022). Individual and Sociolinguistic Differences in Language Background Predict Stroop Performance. Frontiers in Communication, 7, 865965. DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2022.865965
- Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2000). Effects of prime word frequency and cumulative root frequency in masked morphological priming. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15, 421–444. DOI: 10.1080/01690960050119652
- Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2001). Priming complex words: Evidence for supralexical representation of morphology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 127–131. DOI: 10.3758/BF03196148
- Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2003a). A supralexical model for French derivational morphology. In D. Sandra & E. Assink (Eds.), Reading complex words (pp. 139–157). Kluwer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-3720-2_7
- Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2003b).
On the role of derivational affixes in recognizing complex words: Evidence from masked priming . In R. H. Baayen & R. Schreuder (Eds.), Morphological structure in language processing (pp. 209–232). Mouton de Gruyter. DOI: 10.1515/9783110910186.209 - González Alonso, J., Baquero Castellanos, S., & Müller, O. (2016). Masked constituent priming of English compounds in native and non-native speakers. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 31(8), 1038–1054. DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2016.1179770
- Gor, K., Cook, S., Bordag, D., Chrabaszcz, A., & Opitz, A. (2021). Fuzzy Lexical Representations in Adult Second Language Speakers. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 732030. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.732030
- Grainger, J. (1998). Masked Priming by Translation Equivalents in Proficient Bilinguals. Language and Cognitive Processes, 13(6), 601–623. DOI: 10.1080/016909698386393
- Grainger, J., & Beyersmann, E. (2017).
Edge-aligned embedded word activation initiates morpho-orthographic segmentation . In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 67, pp. 285–317). Elsevier Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2017.03.009 - Grainger, J., Colé, P., & Segui, J. (1991). Masked morphological priming in visual word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language & Speech, 30, 370–384. DOI: 10.1016/0749-596X(91)90042-I
- Grainger, J., & Dijkstra, T. (1992).
On the Representation and Use of Language Information in Bilinguals . In Advances in Psychology (Vol. 83, pp. 207–220). Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/S0166-4115(08)61496-X - Grainger, J., & Ziegler, J. C. (2011). A dual-route approach to orthographic processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(45). DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00054
- Heyer, V., & Clahsen, H. (2015). Late bilinguals see a scan in scanner AND in scandal: Dissecting formal overlap from morphological priming in the processing of derived words. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(3), 543–550. DOI: 10.1017/S1366728914000662
- Kahraman, H. (2022). Individual Differences in the L1 and L2 Processing of Morphologically Complex Words [Diss.]. METU.
- Kahraman, H., & Beyersmann, E. (2023).
Cross-language influences on morphological processing in bilinguals . In I.Elgort, A. Siyanova-Chanturia, & M. Brysbaert (Eds.), Cross-language Influences in Bilingual Processing and Second Language Acquisition (pp. 230–261). John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI: 10.1075/bpa.16.10kah - Kahraman, H., & Kırkıcı, B. (2021). Letter transpositions and morphemic boundaries in the second language processing of derived words: An exploratory study of individual differences. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(2), 417–446. DOI: 10.1017/S0142716420000673
- Kuperman, V., Schreuder, R., Bertram, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2009). Reading polymorphemic Dutch compounds: Toward a multiple route model of lexical processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 35(3), 876–895. DOI: 10.1037/a0013484
- Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1–26. DOI: 10.18637/jss.v082.i13
- Lenth, R. (2023). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means (1.8.8) [Computer software].
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans - Li, J., & Taft, M. (2020). THE PROCESSING OF ENGLISH PREFIXED WORDS BY CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUALS. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 42(1), 239–249. DOI: 10.1017/S0272263119000172
- Li, J., Taft, M., & Xu, J. (2017). The Processing of English Derived Words by Chinese-English Bilinguals: Chinese-English Bilinguals. Language Learning, 67(4), 858–884. DOI: 10.1111/lang.12247
- Li, M., Jiang, N., & Gor, K. (2017). L1 and L2 processing of compound words: Evidence from masked priming experiments in English. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20(2), 384–402. DOI: 10.1017/S1366728915000681
- Longtin, C. M., Segui, J., & Hallé, P. A. (2003). Morphological priming without morphological relationship. Language and Cognitive Processes, 18(3), 313–334. DOI: 10.1080/01690960244000036
- Marelli, M., Traficante, D., & Burani, C. (2020).
Reading morphologically complex words: Experimental evidence and learning models . In V. Pirrelli, I. Plag, & W. U. Dressler (Eds.), Word Knowledge and Word Usage (pp. 553–592). De Gruyter. DOI: 10.1515/9783110440577-014 - Marian, V., Blumenfeld, H. K., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2007). The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing Language Profiles in Bilinguals and Multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(4), 940–967. DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/067)
- Marslen-Wilson, W., Bozic, M., & Randall, B. (2008). Early decomposition in visual word recognition: Dissociating morphology, form, and meaning. Language & Cognitive Processes, 23(3), 394–421. DOI: 10.1080/01690960701588004
- Perfetti, C. A. (1992).
The representation problem in reading acquisition . In P. Gough (Ed.), Reading acquisition (pp. 145–174). Erlbaum. DOI: 10.4324/9781351236904-6 - Perfetti, C. A., & Hart, L. (2002).
The lexical quality hypothesis . In L. Verhoeven, C. Elbro, & P. Reitsma (Eds.), Studies in Written Language and Literacy (Vol. 11, pp. 189–213). John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI: 10.1075/swll.11.14per - Plaut, D. C., & Gonnerman, L. M. (2000). Are non-semantic morphological effects incompatible with a distributed connectionist approach to lexical processing? Language and Cognitive Processes, 15, 445–485. DOI: 10.1080/01690960050119661
- R Development Core Team. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
- Rastle, K., & Davis, M. H. (2008). Morphological decomposition based on the analysis of orthography. Language & Cognitive Processes, 23, 942–971. DOI: 10.1080/01690960802069730
- Rastle, K., Davis, M. H., Marslen-Wilson, W., & Tyler, L. K. (2000). Morphological and semantic effects in visual word recognition: A time-course study. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(4–5), 507–537. DOI: 10.1080/01690960050119689
- Rastle, K., Davis, M. H., & New, B. (2004). The broth in my brother’s brothel: Morpho-orthographic segmentation in visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 1090–1098. DOI: 10.3758/BF03196742
- Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (1995).
Modeling morphological processing . In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological aspects of language processing (pp. 131–154). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. - Stevens, P., & Plaut, D. C. (2022). From decomposition to distributed theories of morphological processing in reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1673–1702. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02086-0
- Taft, M. (2003).
Morphological representation as a correlation between form and meaning . In E. Assink & D. Sandra (Eds.), Reading complex words (pp. 113–137). Kluwer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-3720-2_6 - Taft, M. (2004). Morphological decomposition and the reverse base frequency effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 745–765. DOI: 10.1080/02724980343000477
- Taft, M. (2023).
Localist Lexical Representation of Polymorphemic Words . In D. Crepaldi, Linguistic Morphology in the Mind and Brain (1st ed., pp. 152–166). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781003159759-11 - Taft, M., & Ardasinski, S. (2006). Obligatory decomposition in reading prefixed words. The Mental Lexicon, 1(2), 183–199. DOI: 10.1075/ml.1.2.02taf
- Taft, M., & Forster, K. I. (1975). Lexical storage and retrieval of prefixed words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 638–647. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(75)80051-X
- Thierry, G., & Wu, Y. J. (2007). Brain potentials reveal unconscious translation during foreign-language comprehension. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(30), 12530–12535. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609927104
- Uygun, S., & Gürel, A. (2017). Compound processing in second language acquisition of English. Journal of the European Second Language Association, 1(1), 90–101. DOI: 10.22599/jesla.21
- Van Heuven, W. J. B., Mandera, P., Keuleers, E., & Brysbaert, M. (2014). SUBTLEX-UK: a new and improved word frequency database for British English. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(6), 1176–1190. DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2013.850521
- Viviani, E., & Crepaldi, D. (2022). Masked Morphological Priming and Sensitivity to the Statistical Structure of Form–to–Meaning Mapping in L2. Journal of Cognition, 5(1), 30. DOI: 10.5334/joc.221
- Wen, Y., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2018). Limitations of translation activation in masked priming: Behavioural evidence from Chinese-English bilinguals and computational modelling. Journal of Memory & Language, 101, 84–96. aph. DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2018.03.004
- Witzel, J., Cornelius, S., Witzel, N., Forster, K. I., & Forster, J. C. (2013). Testing the viability of webDMDX for masked priming experiments. The Mental Lexicon, 8(3), 421–449. DOI: 10.1075/ml.8.3.07wit
- Woods, A. T., Velasco, C., Levitan, C. A., Wan, X., & Spence, C. (2015). Conducting perception research over the internet: A tutorial review. PeerJ, 3,
e1058 . DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1058 - Zhang, T., van Heuven, W. J. B., & Conklin, K. (2011). Fast Automatic Translation and Morphological Decomposition in Chinese-English Bilinguals. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1237–1242. DOI: 10.1177/0956797611421492
