A Blessing in Disguise: Flanking Words Can Cancel Language Switch Costs Cover

A Blessing in Disguise: Flanking Words Can Cancel Language Switch Costs

Journal of Cognition

Volume 7 (2024): Issue 1

By: Aaron Vandendaele , Nicoleta Prutean and Mathieu Declerck

Open Access

|Jan 2024

Figures & Tables

Power for the interaction effect between Concreteness and flanker presence at multiple levels of observations per condition.

Table 1

Overview of the participant descriptives.

	ENGLISH	DUTCH
Percentage used	39.6 (27.3)	58.8 (27.5)
Reading fluency	6.6 (0.6)	6.9 (0.3)
Speaking fluency	6.1 (0.9)	6.6 (0.6)
Writing fluency	5.9 (1.0)	6.4 (0.7)
AoA	10.6 (2.7)	N.A.
LexTale	87.3 (14.3)	N.A.

[i] Note: Values between parentheses indicate standard deviations.

Table 2

Overview of the stimuli properties.

	ENGLISH	DUTCH
Target Frequency¹	4.30 (0.47)^a	2.72 (0.96)^b
Flanker Frequency	4.78 (0.38)^a	3.51 (0.58)^b
Target & Flanker Length	5.00 (0.82)	5.03 (1.15)
Target Concreteness	4.77 (0.28)^c	4.60 (0.46)^d
Flanker Concreteness	2.88 (0.92)^c	2.36 (0.75)^d

[i] Note: Values between parentheses indicate standard deviations.

^aSubtlex-UK (van Heuven et al., 2014).

^bSubtlex-NL (Keuleers et al., 2010).

^cBrysbaert et al., 2014a.

^dBrysbaert et al., 2014b.

Descriptives for the RT data for all conditions. Error bars depict standard errors. Language refers to target at trial n, switch/repetition bars refers to the target language at trial n compared to the target language at trial n-1. REP. refer to repetition trials.

switch costs in RT plotted per participant with and without the presence of flankers. The figure on the left side depicts Dutch (L1) trials and on the right English (L2) trials. Switch costs are depicted as switch trials – repetition trials.

Table 3

Descriptives for RTs.

	DUTCH			ENGLISH
	SWITCH	NO SWITCH	SWITCH COST	SWITCH	NO SWITCH	SWITCH COST
Flanker present	595 (208)	578 (200)	17	592 (191)	591 (196)	1
Flanker absent	585 (214)	565 (216)	20	609 (211)	552 (180)	57

[i] Note: Values between parentheses indicate standard deviations.

Table 4

LMM analyses for RTs.

FACTORS	FREQUENTIST LMM			BAYESIAN LMM
FACTORS	B-VALUE	SE	T-VALUE	ESTIMATE	ERROR	LOWER BOUND	UPPER BOUND	^R	BULK ESS	TAIL ESS
Flanker presence	1.31	0.55	2.39	0.022	0.009	0.003	0.042	1.00	20031	35401
Language	0.28	0.58	0.49	0.009	0.009	–0.008	0.026	1.00	20278	34405
Trial type	0.56	0.48	1.16	0.004	0.011	–0.017	0.024	1.00	22531	37757
Flanker × Language	0.29	0.83	0.36	0.011	0.012	–0.013	0.036	1.00	21094	35919
Flanker × Trial type	0.59	0.69	0.87	0.006	0.015	–0.023	0.036	1.00	18492	33965
Language × Trial type	1.55	0.79	2.28	0.030	0.012	0.006	0.054	1.00	21385	35332
Flanker × Language × Trial type	–2.04	0.96	-2.12	-0.037	0.017	–0.071	–0.004	1.00	20906	38016

Table 5

descriptives for error rates.

	DUTCH			ENGLISH
	SWITCH	NO SWITCH	SWITCH COST	SWITCH	NO SWITCH	SWITCH COST
Flanker present	9.75 (0.70)	8.79 (0.72)	0.96	7.06 (0.74)	7.89 (0.73)	–0.83
Flanker absent	11.86 (0.68)	6.13 (0.76)	5.73	8.08 (0.73)	4.91 (0.78)	3.17

[i] Note: Values between parentheses indicate standard deviations.

Table 6

LMM analyses for error rates.

FACTORS	FREQUENTIST LMM			BAYESIAN LMM
FACTORS	B-VALUE	SE	Z-VALUE	ESTIMATE	ERROR	LOWER BOUND	UPPER BOUND	^R	BULK ESS	TAIL ESS
Flanker presence	–0.17	0.21	–0.79	–0.15	0.20	–0.55	0.25	1.00	35493	46639
Language	0.23	0.21	1.06	0.24	0.20	–0.15	0.63	1.00	38165	47123
Trual type	–0.20	0.21	–0.95	–0.18	0.21	–0.58	0.22	1.00	38628	50024
Flanker × Language	–0.08	0.28	–0.29	–0.10	0.26	–0.61	0.41	1.00	35303	46924
Flanker × Trial type	0.19	0.30	0.62	0.15	0.28	–0.40	0.70	1.00	35862	46979
Language × Trial type	0.24	0.27	0.90	0.22	0.25	–0.27	0.71	1.00.	37387	48924
Flanker × Language × Trial type	–0.15	0.38	–0.39	–0.12	0.34	–0.77	0.55	100	37817	49371

ENGLISH		DUTCH
TARGET	FLANKER	TARGET	FLANKER
army	feed	leger	kwaad
city	fuel	stad	niks
lion	duty	leeuw	spijt
cave	flow	grot	kijk
road	wise	weg	tof
barn	soul	schuur	gelijk
pool	fake	zwembad	rotzooi
lawn	riot	gazon	buurt
bull	whom	stier	flauw
gown	rush	gewaad	vlucht
plane	story	vliegtuig	waarschuw
tower	final	toren	dwaas
whale	music	walvis	eender
field	truth	veld	grap
crowd	state	volk	tijd
floor	taste	vloer	angst
cabin	power	hut	mal
hedge	trust	haag	kind
coast	every	kust	gaaf
vault	speed	kluis	zonde
garden	bottom	tuin	dank
church	damage	kerk	slim
bridge	common	brug	ziel
stairs	nobody	trap	ding
throne	liquid	troon	hekel
sailor	extent	zeiler	lokaas
shower	actual	douche	partij
galaxy	choice	heelal	strijd
shovel	spirit	schop	reden
convoy	threat	konvooi	plezier
salt	gosh	zout	deel
bowl	tune	schaal	wonder
bean	loud	boon	stil
toes	firm	tenen	smaak
leaf	host	blad	keus
disc	meal	schijf	waarde
tear	posh	traan	beeld
seed	load	zaad	plek
plum	hero	pruim	geval
rice	mood	rijst	bevel
teeth	proof	tanden	risico
honey	stuff	honing	weldra
diary	sweet	dagboek	cultuur
brush	space	borstel	waanzin
spoon	death	lepel	vraag
shell	front	schelp	aardig
snail	order	slak	stem
candy	issue	snoep	macht
straw	civil	rietje	afloop
thumb	sense	duim	raar
cheese	amount	kaas	moed
bottle	injury	fles	maat
rabbit	scheme	konijn	geloof
button	relief	knop	paar
salmon	member	zalm	vrij
throat	favour	keel	zorg
cotton	appeal	katoen	schuld
pebble	action	kiezel	proost
carrot	genius	wortel	ingang
ribbon	wealth	lint	gauw

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.332 | Journal eISSN: 2514-4820

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Submitted on: May 19, 2023

|

Accepted on: Nov 1, 2023

|

Published on: Jan 30, 2024

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Language control,

Language switching,

© 2024 Aaron Vandendaele, Nicoleta Prutean, Mathieu Declerck, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Previous article Volume 7 (2024): Issue 1 Next article