Figure 1
Procedure. Participants studied three item lists, each consisting of 12 words. Study of lists 1 and 2 was followed by a symmetry judgment task as a short distractor (D). In the testing condition, participants were tested on lists 1 and 2 after initial study, whereas in the restudy condition, they restudied lists 1 and 2 after initial study. In both conditions, both before and after study of list 3, participants did an arithmetic task (Exp. 1a: modular arithmetic problems, Exp. 1b: single-digit multiplication problems). Finally, list 3 was tested first, list 2 second, and list 1 last.
Table 1
Results of the list learning task: Recall rates as a function of condition in Experiments 1a and 1b. Means and standard errors of the means (in parentheses).
| RECALL RATES | INTRUSIONS | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXPERIMENT | TEST | CONDITION | LIST 1 | LIST 2 | LIST 3 | LIST 3 | ||
| Experiment 1a | Immediate Recall | Testing | 70.70 (2.19) | 73.31 (2.14) | 74.22 (2.19) | 0.06 (0.03) | ||
| Restudy | 52.47 (3.52) | 0.37 (0.13) | ||||||
| Final Recall | Testing | 43.23 (4.04) | 49.74 (3.99) | |||||
| Restudy | 57.55 (3.64) | 55.60 (3.80) | ||||||
| Experiment 1b | Immediate Recall | Testing | 65.23 (2.33) | 66.54 (2.92) | 65.23 (2.34) | 0.25 (0.14) | ||
| Restudy | 49.74 (3.54) | 0.44 (0.17) | ||||||
| Final Recall | Testing | 42.84 (3.75) | 48.18 (3.75) | |||||
| Restudy | 59.90 (3.06) | 50.13 (3.66) | ||||||
Figure 2
(A, B) Results of Experiment 1a. (A) List learning task. List 3 recall rates as a function of experimental condition (testing, restudy). (B) Modular arithmetic task. Number of correct answers as a function of block (before study of list 3, after study of list 3) and experimental condition (testing, restudy). Error bars: standard errors of the mean.
Table 2
Results of the arithmetic tasks (Exp. 1a: modular arithmetic problems, Exp. 1b: single-digit multiplication task). Number of correct answers as a function of condition and block. Means and standard errors of the means (in parentheses).
| EXPERIMENT | BLOCK | CONDITION | CORRECT ANSWERS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experiment 1a | Before Study of List 3 | Testing | 4.00 (0.19) |
| Restudy | 4.16 (0.15) | ||
| After Study of List 3 | Testing | 3.73 (0.17) | |
| Restudy | 3.78 (0.15) | ||
| Experiment 1b | Before Study of List 3 | Testing | 8.19 (0.47) |
| Restudy | 7.75 (0.53) | ||
| After Study of List 3 | Testing | 8.84 (0.51) | |
| Restudy | 8.89 (0.52) |
Figure 3
(A, B) Results of Experiment 1b. (A) List learning task. List 3 recall rates as a function of experimental condition (testing, restudy). (B) Single-digit multiplication task. Number of correct answers as a function of block (before study of list 3, after study of list 3) and experimental condition (testing, restudy). Error bars: standard errors of the mean.