Figure 1
Illustration of stimuli (A), comprising the face of one individual with two different neutral expressions (with letters “G” and “E” superimposed), an angry expression (with “A” superimposed) and a fearful expression (with “S” superimposed). The sequence of displays on one trial is shown in panel B.
Figure 2
RTs and error rates by CSI, task, switch/repeat and emotional expression (“Emo”: emotional expressions; “Neu”: neutral expressions).
Figure 3
Grand-average ERPs for the face task as a function of emotional expression and switch/repeat. The electrodes were selected to illustrate both the Emotional Expression Effect (EEE, in frontal electrodes), or encompass the N170 peak in temporo-occipital electrodes.
Figure 4
The emotional-neutral ERP difference (the EEE) for the face task as a function of switch/repeat: the upper panel shows the difference waves averaged for a subset of left frontal electrodes where the EEE is maximal (see Method); the lower panel shows the spline-interpolated scalp distribution of the EEE.
Figure 5
Grand-average ERPs as a function of emotional expression and task shown for the same set of electrodes as in Figure 3.
Figure 6
The emotional-neutral ERP difference (the EEE) for the two tasks. As in Figure 4, difference waves averaged for the left-frontal cluster of electrodes is displayed above the scalp distribution of the EEE.
Table 1
Descriptive and inferential statistics for the analysis of the switch-induced delay on the face task trials, with segments extracted from the difference wave based on the time-windows used for the amplitude analyses.
| WINDOW WIDTH (START, END) IN MS | SHIFTS (LEFT, RIGHT) IN STEPS OF 2 MS | SHIFT WITH HIGHEST CORRELATION IN MS | T (19) | P | 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS | BAYES FACTOR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 (150–250) | 30 | 2 | 0.05 | 0.96 | [39.4, –37.4] | 0.23 |
| 100 (250–350) | 30 | –2 | –0.15 | 0.88 | [12.3, –14.3] | 0.23 |
| 200 (150–350) | 60 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.84 | [10.7, –8.7] | 0.24 |
Table 2
Descriptive and inferential statistics for the analysis of the switch-induced delay on the face task trials, with segments centred around the peak of the EEE.
| WINDOW WIDTH (START, END) IN MS | SHIFTS (LEFT, RIGHT) IN STEPS OF 2 MS | SHIFT WITH HIGHEST CORRELATION (MS) | T (19) | P | CONFIDENCE INTERVALS | BAYES FACTOR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 150 (224–374) | 50 | 4 | 0.33 | 0.75 | [13.9, –9.9] | 0.24 |
| 200 (200–400) | 60 | 4 | 0.29 | 0.77 | [15.5, –11.5] | 0.24 |
| 250 (276–426) | 70 | 8 | 0.7 | 0.5 | [15.3, –7.3] | 0.29 |
| 300 (150–450) | 80 | 10 | 0.82 | 0.4 | [16.9, –6.9] | 0.32 |
Figure 7
The scalp distribution of the vowel-consonant ERP difference as a function of task.