References
- 1Allaire, J., Xie, Y., McPherson, J., Luraschi, J., Ushey, K., Atkins, A., …, & Iannone, R. (2020). rmarkdown: Dynamic Documents for R. R package (2.1).
- 2Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(3), 219–235. DOI: 10.1177/1088868309341564
- 3Arkes, H. R., Boehm, L. E., & Xu, G. (1991). Determinants of judged validity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(6), 576–605. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1031(91)90026-3
- 4Arkes, H. R., Hackett, C., & Boehm, L. (1989). The generality of the relation between familiarity and judged validity. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 2(2), 81–94. DOI: 10.1002/bdm.3960020203
- 5Baayen, R. H., Davidson, D. J., & Bates, D. M. (2008). Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(4), 390–412. DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.12.005
- 6Bacon, F. T. (1979). Credibility of repeated statements: Memory for trivia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5(3), 241–252. DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.5.3.241
- 7Barr, D. J. (2013). Random effects structure for testing interactions in linear mixed-effects models. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 328. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00328
- 8Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278. DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
- 9Begg, I. M., Anas, A., & Farinacci, S. (1992). Dissociation of processes in belief: Source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(4), 446–458. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.121.4.446
- 10Begg, I. M., & Armour, V. (1991). Repetition and the ring of truth: Biasing comments. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 23(2), 195–213. DOI: 10.1037/h0079004
- 11Bornstein, R. F., & D’Agostino, P. R. (1992). Stimulus recognition and the mere exposure effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 545–552. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.545
- 12Brashier, N. M., Eliseev, E. D., & Marsh, E. J. (2020). An initial accuracy focus prevents illusory truth. Cognition, 194, 104054. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104054
- 13Brown, A. S., & Nix, L. A. (1996). Turning lies into truths: Referential validation of falsehoods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(5), 1088–1100. DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.22.5.1088
- 14Christensen, R. H. B. (2019). ordinal – Regression models for ordinal data (2019.4-25).
- 15De keersmaecker, J., Dunning, D., Pennycook, G., Rand, D. G., Sanchez, C., Unkelbach, C., & Roets, A. (2019). Investigating the robustness of the illusory truth effect across individual differences in cognitive ability, need for cognitive closure, and cognitive style. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(2), 204–215. DOI: 10.1177/0146167219853844
- 16Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J., & Wänke, M. (2010). The truth about the truth: A meta-analytic review of the truth effect. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), 238–257. DOI: 10.1177/1088868309352251
- 17Effron, D. A., & Raj, M. (2019). Misinformation and morality: Encountering fake-news headlines makes them seem less unethical to publish and share. Psychological Science, 75–87. DOI: 10.1177/0956797619887896
- 18Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Payne, B. K., & Marsh, E. J. (2015). Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(5), 993–1002. DOI: 10.1037/xge0000098
- 19Fazio, L. K., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2019). Repetition increases perceived truth equally for plausible and implausible statements. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26(5), 1705–1710. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-019-01651-4
- 20Gigerenzer, G. (1984). External validity of laboratory experiments: The frequency-validity relationship. The American Journal of Psychology, 97(2), 185–195. DOI: 10.2307/1422594
- 21Gilbert, D. T., Krull, D. S., & Malone, P. S. (1990). Unbelieving the unbelievable: Some problems in the rejection of false information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(4), 601–613. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.601
- 22Grice, J. W., Medellin, E., Jones, I., Horvath, S., McDaniel, H., O’lansen, C., & Baker, M. (2020). Persons as effect sizes. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3(4), 443–455. DOI: 10.1177/2515245920922982
- 23Harrell, F. E. (2015). Regression modeling strategies: With applications to linear models, logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-19425-7
- 24Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., & Toppino, T. (1977). Frequency and the conference of referential validity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16(1), 107–112. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80012-1
- 25Hawkins, S. A., & Hoch, S. J. (1992). Low-involvement learning: Memory without evaluation. The Journal of Consumer Research, 19(2), 212–225. DOI: 10.1086/209297
- 26Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 29. DOI: 10.1038/466029a
- 27Heycke, T., & Spitzer, L. (2019). Screen recordings as a tool to document computer assisted data collection procedures. Psychologica Belgica, 59(1), 269–280. DOI: 10.5334/pb.490
- 28Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6(2), 65–70.
- 29Jalbert, M., Newman, E., & Schwarz, N. (2020). Only half of what I’ll tell you is true: Expecting to encounter falsehoods reduces illusory truth. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 9(4), 602–613. DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.08.010
- 30Judd, C. M., Westfall, J., & Kenny, D. A. (2012). Treating stimuli as a random factor in social psychology: A new and comprehensive solution to a pervasive but largely ignored problem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(1), 54–69. DOI: 10.1037/a0028347
- 31Kumkale, G. T., & Albarracín, D. (2004). The sleeper effect in persuasion: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 143–172. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.143
- 32Law, S., Hawkins, S., & Craik, F. (1998). Repetition-induced belief in the elderly: Rehabilitating age-related memory deficits. The Journal of Consumer Research, 25(2), 91–107. DOI: 10.1086/209529
- 33Lenth, R. (2020). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version 1.4.4. Computer software.
- 34Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353–369. DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008
- 35Liddell, T. M., & Kruschke, J. K. (2018). Analyzing ordinal data with metric models: What could possibly go wrong? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 79, 328–348. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.009
- 36Loy, A., Hofmann, H., & Cook, D. (2017). Model choice and diagnostics for linear mixed-effects models using statistics on street corners. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 26(3), 478–492. DOI: 10.1080/10618600.2017.1330207
- 37Nadarevic, L., & Aßfalg, A. (2017). Unveiling the truth: Warnings reduce the repetition-based truth effect. Psychological Research, 81(4), 814–826. DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0777-y
- 38Nadarevic, L., & Erdfelder, E. (2014). Initial judgment task and delay of the final validity-rating task moderate the truth effect. Consciousness and Cognition, 23, 74–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.12.002
- 39Nadarevic, L., & Erdfelder, E. (2019). Supplementary Material. Open Science Framework. DOI: 10.17605/osf.io/eut35
- 40Nadarevic, L., Plier, S., Thielmann, I., & Darancó, S. (2018). Foreign language reduces the longevity of the repetition-based truth effect. Acta Psychologica, 191, 149–159. DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.08.019
- 41Oppenheimer, D. M. (2004). Spontaneous discounting of availability in frequency judgment tasks. Psychological Science, 15(2), 100–105. DOI: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502005.x
- 42Oppenheimer, D. M. (2008). The secret life of fluency. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(6), 237–241. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.014
- 43Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(12), 1865–1880. DOI: 10.1037/xge0000465
- 44Polage, D. C. (2012). Making up history: False memories of fake news stories. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 245–250. DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v8i2.456
- 45R Core Team. (2019). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Computer software, Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
- 46Reber, C., Fazendeiro, T., & Winkielman, P. (2002). Processing fluency as the source of experiences at the fringe of consciousness: Commentary on Mangan. Psyche: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Consciousness, 8(10), 1–21.
- 47Schwartz, M. (1982). Repetition and rated truth value of statements. American Journal of Psychology, 95(3), 393–407. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1422132 . DOI: 10.2307/1422132 - 48Schwarz, N., & Jalbert, M. (2020).
When (fake) new feels true: Intuitions of truth and the acceptance and correction of misinformation . In R. Greifeneder, M. Jaffé, E. J. Newman, & N. Schwarz (eds.), The psychology of fake news: Accepting, sharing, and correcting misinformation. London, UK: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780429295379-7 - 49Silva, R. R., Garcia-Marques, T., & Reber, R. (2017). The informative value of type of repetition: Perceptual and conceptual fluency influences on judgments of truth. Consciousness and Cognition, 51, 53–67. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.016
- 50Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2012). A 21 word solution. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2160588
- 51Skurnik, I., Yoon, C., Park, D., & Schwarz, N. (2005). How warnings about false claims become recommendations. The Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 713–724. DOI: 10.1086/426605
- 52Swire, B., Berinsky, A. J., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2017). Processing political misinformation: comprehending the Trump phenomenon. Royal Society Open Science, 4(3), 160802. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160802
- 53Unkelbach, C., Koch, A., Silva, R. R., & Garcia-Marques, T. (2019). Truth by repetition: Explanations and implications. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(3), 247–253. DOI: 10.1177/0963721419827854
- 54Unkelbach, C., & Rom, S. C. (2017). A referential theory of the repetition-induced truth effect. Cognition, 160, 110–126. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.016
- 55Whittlesea, B. W. A. (1993). Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(6), 1235–1253. DOI: 10.1037//0278-7393.19.6.1235
- 56Wickham, H., Averick, M., Bryan, J., Chang, W., McGowan, L., François, R., …, & Yutani, H. (2019). Welcome to the tidyverse. The Journal of Open Source Software, 4(43), 1686. DOI: 10.21105/joss.01686
- 57Yarkoni, T. (2019, November 22). The generalizability crisis. DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/jqw35