Table 1
Overview of the ‘Body-Objects’ digital imaging dataset.
| INDIVIDUAL NUMBER | FIND ID | SITE | DATE (BCE/CE) | OSTEOLOGICAL SEX | GENETIC SEX | AGE-AT-DEATH | VIOLENCE RELATED INJURIES AND OTHER TRAUMA | MUSEUM AND COLLECTION LOCATION |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | X2753 | Postgården VI | Uncal. BP 2323 ± 24; cal. 414-362 BCE (94.4%) OR 273-264 BCE (1% BCE) | Unobs. | Male | 2–4 yrs. | A single possible perimortem sharp-force injury to right side of cranium (c. 33.1 mm in margin), accompanied by perimortem fractures to right orbit (c. 10.9 mm margin)– resulting from the original impact | Historical Museum of Northern Jutland (Aalborg, Denmark) |
| 4 | X558 | Tokkendrup | Late PRIA – Early RIA (ceramic type) | Unobs. | n/a | Adult | Two perimortem blunt-force injuries, located (1) on the right parietal bone superior to the temporal bone (c. 18.6 mm diameter), and (2) in middle of forehead above right orbit (c. 13.94 mm diameter) | Museum Odense (Odense, Funen, Denmark) |
| 11 | 4278-PF | Rosengade | Uncal. 1180 ± 20; cal. 772-894 CE (91.7%) OR 929-944 CE (3.8%) | Male | Female | 18–25 yrs. | A single possible sharp-force injury to the left side of the face (c. 29.9 mm across), accompanied by extensive taphonomic damage to cranium | Moesgaard Museum (Aarhus, Denmark) |
| 12 | A1860 | Gammel Lejre | Uncal. 1045 ± 50 cal. 887-1050 (82.9%) OR 1080-1153 CE (12.6%) | Male | n/a | 30–35 yrs. | Five distinct instances of traumatic injuries: (1) misaligned healed fracture (malunion) to left clavicle; (2) healed fracture (malunion) to right ulna [possible parry fracture]; (3) antemortem blunt-force injury to left side of forehead (c. 27.5 mm diameter); (4) antemortem blunt-force injury to right side of the posterior frontal (c. 23.9 mm diameter); and (5) additional antemortem blunt-force injury to right side of forehead, above the orbit (c. 13.5 mm diameter). | Roskilde Museum (collection housed at the Globe Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark) |
Figure 1
3D modelling of sharp- and blunt-force trauma injuries in the ‘Body-Objects’ digital imaging dataset generated with Agisoft Metashape: (1a) Ectocranial view of Individual 1 in solid mode; (1b) Endocranial view of Individual 1 in textured mode, showing a discrete area of shadow artefact [green dashed circle]; (2a) Superoanterior view of cranium of Individual 12 in solid mode, revealing an additional blunt-force trauma injury [red arrows]; (2b) Frontal view of Individual 12 in textured mode, highlighting areas of shadow artefacts [green dashed circles]; (3a) Frontal view of cranium of Individual 11 in textured mode, demonstrating a large software processing artefact [white dashed circle] resulting from a lack of information leading to loss of texture on the 3D model; (3b) Lateral view of left orbital and frontotemporal region of Individual 11 in textured view (figure by E. Tollefsen).
Figure 2
RTI modelling of sharp- and blunt-force trauma injuries in the ‘Body-Objects’ digital imaging dataset using PTM18(*) and HSH27(**) models generated with RTIViewer: (1a) Superoposterior view of cranium of Individual 1 under Default view**; (1b) Superolateral view of Individual 1 using Specular Enhancement mode**; (2a) Superior view of cranium of Individual 4 under Default view**; (2b) Close-up of lateral portion of frontal using Coefficient Unsharp Masking mode*; (2c) Close-up of anterior portion of frontal using Dynamic Multi Light mode*; (3a) Anterior view of cranium of Individual 11; (3b) Superior view of anterior portion of frontal using Coefficient Unsharp Masking mode*; (3c) Superior view of anterior portion of frontal using Diffuse Grain mode*; (3d) Superior view of left orbit using Specular Enhancement mode*; (3e) Anteroinferior view of right orbit using Coefficient Unsharp Masking mode* (figure by E. Tollefsen).
Table 2
Overview of image counts and Agisoft Metashape workflow settings used during generation of photogrammetric models within dataset.
| INDIVIDUAL NUMBER | FIND ID | TOTAL NUMBER OF IMAGES | NUMBER OF FACES | NUMBER OF TIE POINTS | ACCURACY SETTING | ANY EXTERNAL CONTROL POINTS? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | X2753 | 257 | 176 522 | 88 582 | High | No. |
| 11 | 4278-PF | 368 | 659 782 | 204 317 | High | No. |
| 12 | A1860 | 319 | 3 094 642 | 173 283 | High | No. |