References
- Alexandre, O. 2023. La tech: Quand la Silicon Valley refait le monde. Éditions du Seuil.
- Bayne, S and Ross, J. 2024. ‘Speculative futures for higher education’. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1):
39 . DOI: 10.1186/s41239-024-00469-y - Bommasani, R, Kapoor, S, Klyman, K, Longpre, S, Ramaswami, A, Zhang, D, Schaake, M, Ho, DE, Narayanan, A and Liang, P. 2024. ‘Considerations for governing open foundation models’. Science, 386(6718): 151–153. DOI: 10.1126/science.adp1848
- Bozkurt, A, Xiao, J, Farrow, R, Bai, JYH, Nerantzi, C, Moore, S, Dron, J, Stracke, CM, Singh, L, Crompton, H, Koutropoulos, A, Terentev, E, Pazurek, A, Nichols, M, Sidorkin, AM, Costello, E, Watson, S, Mulligan, D, Honeychurch, S, … Asino, TI. 2024. ‘The manifesto for teaching and learning in a time of generative AI: A critical collective stance to better navigate the future’. Open Praxis, 16(4): 487–513. DOI: 10.55982/openpraxis.16.4.777
- Brevini, B. 2021.
‘Creating the technological saviour: Discourses on AI in Europe and the legitimation of super capitalism’ . In: Verdegem, P (ed.) AI for everyone? Critical perspectives. University of Westminster Press. S. 145–159. DOI: 10.16997/book55.i - Bulathwela, S, Pérez-Ortiz, M, Holloway, C, Cukurova, M and Shawe-Taylor, J. 2024. ‘Artificial intelligence alone will not democratise education: On educational inequality, techno-solutionism and inclusive tools’. Sustainability, 16(2):
781 . DOI: 10.3390/su16020781 - Daly, D, Schneider, N and Ahmad, H. 2024. ‘Toward governance best practices for open educational resources’. Proceedings of the ALISE Annual Conference. DOI: 10.21900/j.alise.2024.1749
- Daniel, SJ. 2014. ‘Foreword to the special section: MOOCs—Evolution or revolution’. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 9(2): i–iiii.
- Deimann, M and Farrow, R. 2013. ‘Rethinking OERs and their use: Open education as bildung’. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 14(3): 344–360. DOI: 10.19173/irrodl.v14i3.1370
- Dogruel, L, de la Durantaye, K, Elmer, C, Gostomzyk, T and Lobigs, F. 2025. Potenzialanalyse. Perspektiven für digitalen public value im ZDF. ZDF.
- dos Santos, AI, Punie, Y and Munoz, JC. 2016. Opening up education. A support framework for higher education institutions. Joint Research Centre. Publications Office of the European Union.
- Dulong De Rosnay, M and Stalder, F. 2020. ‘Digital commons’. Internet Policy Review, 9(4). DOI: 10.14763/2020.4.1530
- Ehlers, U-D. 2011. ‘Extending the territory: From open educational resources to open educational practices’. Journal of Open, Flexible and Distance Learning, 15(2): 1–10. DOI: 10.61468/jofdl.v15i2.64
- Faure, V. 2024, November 15. ‘How America’s tech right came to power’. Le Monde.
- Geels, FW. 2002. ‘Technological transition as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: A multi-level perspective and a case-study’. Research Policy, 31(8–9): 1257–1274. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00062-8
- Golumbia, D. 2024. Cyberlibertarianism: The right-wing politics of digital technology. University of Minnesota Press.
- Hajer, MA and Pelzer, P. 2018. ‘2050—An energetic odyssey: Understanding ‘techniques of futuring’ in the transition towards renewable energy’. Energy Research & Social Science, 44: 222–231. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.013
- Hardinges, J, Pearson, S and Ross, R. 2025. From human content to machine. Data introducing CC signals. Creative Commons.
https://creativecommons.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Human-Content-to-Machine-Data_Final.pdf . - Heurich, B and Lukács, B. 2023. ‘Are we close(d)? Debating the openness paradox in science’. Distance Education, 44(4). DOI: 10.1080/01587919.2023.2267482
- Jasanoff, S and Kim, S-H. (eds.) 2015. Dreamscapes of modernity: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the fabrication of power. The University of Chicago Press. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226276663.001.0001
- Jones, C. 2015. ‘Openness, technologies, business models and austerity’. Learning, Media and Technology, 40(3): 328–349. DOI: 10.1080/17439884.2015.1051307
- Keller, P and Tarkowski, A. 2021. The paradox of open. Open Future.
https://assets.pubpub.org/a7k3huld/de17dc48-e19b-4e30-969d-8363aed64d64.pdf . - Klein, N and Taylor, A. 2025, April 12. ‘The rise of end times fascism’. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/apr/13/end-times-fascism-far-right-trump-musk . - Liesenfeld, A and Dingemanse, M. 2024. ‘Rethinking open source generative AI: Open washing and the EU AI Act’. The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 1774–1787. DOI: 10.1145/3630106.3659005
- Litta, H and Bihr, P. 2025. From software to society. Open Knowledge Foundation Deutschland.
- Macgilchrist, F. 2021. ‘_rewilding technology’. on_education, 4(12). DOI: 10.17899/on_ed.2021.12.2
- Maffulli, S. 2023, May 4. The importance of open source AI and the challenges of liberating data. open source initiative.
https://opensource.org/blog/the-importance-of-open-source-ai-and-the-challenges-of-liberating-data . - Mahendra, S. 2024, December 17. ‘Debating the true meaning of open-source AI [Substack newsletter]’. Artificial Intelligence +.
https://aiplusinfo.substack.com/p/debating-the-true-meaning-of-open . - Marda, N, Sun, J and Surman, M. 2024. Public AI. Making AI work for everyone, by everyone. Mozilla Foundation.
- McQuillan, D. 2022. Resisting AI: An anti-fascist approach to artificial intelligence. Bristol University Press. DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781529213492.001.0001
- Morozov, E. 2024, December 4. ‘The AI we deserve’. Boston Review.
https://www.bostonreview.net/forum/the-ai-we-deserve/ . - Nest, D. 2024, October 17. Just how open is “open-source“ AI?
https://www.whytryai.com/p/open-source-vs-closed-source-ai . - open source initiative. 2024. The open source AI definition – 1.0. open source initiative.
https://opensource.org/ai/open-source-ai-definition . - Otto, D. 2019. ‘Adoption and diffusion of Open Educational Resources (OER) in education’. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 20(5). DOI: 10.19173/irrodl.v20i5.4472
- Peters, MA and Roberts, P. 2012. The virtues of ‘openness’: Education, science, and scholarship in the digital age. Paradigm Pub.
- Prince Machado, MS, Tenorio Sepúlveda, GC and Ramirez Montoya, MS. 2016. ‘Educational innovation and digital competencies: The case of OER in a private Venezuelan university’. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 13(1). DOI: 10.1186/s41239-016-0006-1
- Rip, A and Kemp, R. 1998.
‘Technological change’ . In: Rayner, S and Malone, E (eds.) Human choices and climate change. Battelle. S. 327–399. - Rouvroy, A. 2020, March 27. ‘Algorithmic governmentality and the death of politics’. Green European Journal.
https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/algorithmic-governmentality-and-the-death-of-politics/ . - Rudek, TJ. 2022. ‘Capturing the invisible. Sociotechnical imaginaries of energy. The critical overview’. Science and Public Policy, 49(2): 219–245. DOI: 10.1093/scipol/scab076
- Selwyn, N. 2017. Education and technology: Key issues and debates (Second edition). Bloomsbury Academic. DOI: 10.5040/9781474235952
- Sovacool, BK and Hess, DJ. 2017. ‘Ordering theories: Typologies and conceptual frameworks for sociotechnical change’. Social Studies of Science, 47(5): 703–750. DOI: 10.1177/0306312717709363
- Stash. 2024, November 24. ‘Alan Warburton ponders the wonder and panic of generative AI in new documentary’. Stash.
https://www.stashmedia.tv/alan-warburton-ponders-the-wonder-and-panic-of-generative-ai-in-new-documentary/ . - Suchman, L. 2023. ‘The uncontroversial ‘thingness’ of AI’. Big Data & Society, 10(2). DOI: 10.1177/20539517231206794
- Tarkowski, A. 2023. ‘The mirage of open-source AI: Analyzing Meta’s Llama 2 release strategy’. Open Future.
https://openfuture.eu/blog/the-mirage-of-open-source-ai-analyzing-metas-llama-2-release-strategy . - Tarkowski, A. 2025, February 3. Data governance in open source AI. open source initiative.
https://opensource.org/data-governance-open-source-ai . - Toukan, E and Tawil, S. 2024. ‘A new social contract for education: Rebuilding trust in education as a common good’. PROSPECTS, 54(2): 259–275. DOI: 10.1007/s11125-024-09702-y
- UNESCO. 2024. Dubai declaration on OER. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
https://oerdynamiccoalition.org/sites/default/files/documents/2024/09/Draft%20Dubai%20Declaration%20on%20OER%20%28ENG%29.pdf . - Varadi, M, Bertoni, D, Magana, P, Paramval, U, Pidruchna, I, Radhakrishnan, M, Tsenkov, M, Nair, S, Mirdita, M, Yeo, J, Kovalevskiy, O, Tunyasuvunakool, K, Laydon, A, Žídek, A, Tomlinson, H, Hariharan, D, Abrahamson, J, Green, T, Jumper, J, … Velankar, S. 2024. ‘AlphaFold protein structure database in 2024: Providing structure coverage for over 214 million protein sequences’. Nucleic Acids Research, 52(D1): D368–D375. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1011
- Verschraegen, G, Vandermoere, F, Braeckmans, L and Segaert, B. (eds.) 2017. Imagined futures in science, technology and society (8th edition). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315440842
- Vincent, J. 2019, February 21. ‘AI researchers debate the ethics of sharing potentially harmful programs’. The Verge.
https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/21/18234500/ai-ethics-debate-researchers-harmful-programs-openai . - Weller, M. 2021, October 26. ‘Why “Uber for education” metaphors are flawed (and just rubbish)’. The Ed Techie.
http://blog.edtechie.net/edtech/why-uber-for-education-metaphors-are-flawed-and-just-rubbish/ . - Xia, Q, Weng, X, Ouyang, F, Lin, TJ and Chiu, TKF. 2024. ‘A scoping review on how generative artificial intelligence transforms assessment in higher education’. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21(1):
40 . DOI: 10.1186/s41239-024-00468-z - Yu, X, Wang, Y, Chen, Y, Tao, Z, Xi, D, Song, S, Niu, S and Li, Z. 2024. ‘Fake Artificial Intelligence Generated Contents (FAIGC): A survey of theories, detection methods, and opportunities (arXiv:2405.00711)’. arXiv. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2405.00711