Table 1
Means and standard deviations, and Pearson correlations between the study variables.
| Variables | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Managerial level (1 = high, 3 = low) | |||||||||
| 2. Organizational climate | 3.56 | 0.77 | -.19 | ||||||
| 3. Job control | 3.92 | 0.69 | -.22 | .33 | |||||
| 4. Optimism | 3.87 | 0.56 | -.04 | .18 | .22 | ||||
| 5. Vigor | 5.58 | 0.93 | -.02 | .27 | .21 | .26 | |||
| 6. Dedication | 5.63 | 1.13 | -.05 | .34 | .28 | .28 | .79 | ||
| 7. Absorption | 5.08 | 1.21 | -.14 | .20 | .17 | .09 | .64 | .62 | |
| 8. Work engagement | 5.42 | 0.97 | -.08 | .30 | .24 | .22 | .90 | .89 | .88 |
[i] Note. If r = |0.10–0.14|, p < .05, if r = |0.15–0.18|, p < .01, if r ≥ |0.19|, p < .001. Means and standard deviations are for the total sample.
Table 2
Hierarchical Regression Analysis.
| Predictors | Work engagement | Vigor | Dedication | Absorption |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Step 1. Background variable | ||||
| 1. Managerial level (1 = high, 3 = low) | -.01 | .05 | .05 | -.09* |
| ∆R2 | .01* | .00 | .00 | .02*** |
| Step 2. Job resources | ||||
| 2. Organizational climate | .21*** | .18*** | .25*** | .14*** |
| 3. Job control | .14*** | .12** | .17*** | .09* |
| ∆R2 | .11*** | .09*** | .15*** | .04*** |
| Step 3. Personal resource | ||||
| 4. Optimism | .16*** | .20*** | .20*** | .04 |
| ∆R2 | .02*** | .04*** | .04**** | .00 |
| Step 4. Interaction terms | ||||
| 5. Org. Climate x Optimism | .01 | .02 | .02 | -.02 |
| 6. Job control x Optimism | -.07 | -.07 | .10** | -.04 |
| ∆R2 | .01 | .00 | .01* | .00 |
| R2 | .14 | .13 | .20* | .06 |
[i] Note. β, standardized beta coefficients from the final step of the models. ∆R2, change in explanation rate in each step. R2, explanation rate. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.
Figure 1
Optimism as a moderator in the relationship between job control and dedication.