Figure 1
Individual adenosine concentration time curves in mPFC dialysate.
N = 11. The axis was stretched to 5 nM to decrease overlap and improve visibility of individual curves, this results in 5 high values (10.0; 12.9; 7.3; 27.0; and 7.5 nM) being off the chart.
Figure 2
Median adenosine concentrations in mPFC dialysate with their interquartile range (IQR; n = 10–11). Concentrations are provided for the 12 h of wash-out, (IQR 0.17–0.80 nM, n = 11), baseline light phase (0.11–0.82 nM, n = 11), baseline dark phase (0.14–0.76 nM, n = 11), 12 h of sleep deprivation (0.18–0.72 nM, n = 10) and 12 h of subsequent recovery (0.12–0.76 nM, n = 10). The Friedman test indicated no significant difference between the five conditions within subjects; Fr(4) = 4.08; p = 0.395.
Figure 3
Median AMP concentrations in mPFC dialysate with their IQR (n = 10–11). AMP concentrations are provided for the 12 h of wash-out (IQR 0.01–0.15 nM, n = 11), baseline light phase (0.05–0.14 nM, n = 11), baseline dark phase (0.05–0.48 nM, n = 11), 12 h of sleep deprivation (0.06–0.64 nM, n = 10) and 12 h of subsequent recovery (0.07–0.20 nM, n = 10). Statistical details are provided in the text.
Table 1
Sleep deprivation related study characteristics of studies included in the meta-analyses.
| Study ID | Type of sleep deprivation | Duration of sleep deprivation (h) | Species | Brain region |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basheer, 1999[13] | Complete, Gentle Handling | 3 | Rat | BF |
| Blanco-Centurion, 2006[14] | Complete, Gentle Handling | 6 | Rat | BF |
| Kalinchuk, 2011[27] | Complete, Gentle Handling | 11 | Rat | BF & cortex |
| McKenna, 2007[15] | Sleep Interruption, forced locomotion | 6 or 24 | Rat | BF |
| Murillo-Rodriguez, 2008[16] | Complete, Gentle Handling | 6 | Rat | BF |
| Porkka-Heiskanen, 2000[26] | Complete, Gentle Handling | 6 | Cat | BF & cortex |
| Vazquez-DeRose, 2014[37] | Complete, Gentle Handling | 6 | Rat | BF |
| Wigren, 2007[17] | Complete, Gentle Handling | 8.5 | Rat | BF |
[i] Please note that the gentle handling method of sleep deprivation comprises several experimenter-driven strategies to keep animals awake (e.g. tapping the cages, introducing novel objects, stroking with a brush and sometimes actual handling). Only brain regions included in the meta-analyses are mentioned; either basal forebrain (BF) or BF and cortex.
Table 2
Summary of risk of bias assessments.
| Risk of bias item | n (of 8) included studies with | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| High risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | |
| Sequence generation | – | – | 8 |
| Baseline Characteristics | – | – | 8 |
| Random outcome assessment | – | – | 8 |
| Blinding of outcome assessment | – | – | 8 |
| Incomplete outcome data | – | – | 8 |
| Other | – | – | 8 |
| Meta-analyst’s extraction bias | 6 | 2 | – |
Figure 4
Forest plot and meta-analysis of changes in basal forebrain microdialysate adenosine concentrations during sleep deprivation.
If papers provided multiple time points during sleep deprivation, we selected the last for the analyses. McKenna B, C and D refer to experimental groups exposed to different sleep deprivation protocols within the same paper (group A comprised measurements in the nucleus accumbens, not included in our meta-analyses). MD = Mean Difference (% over baseline); CI = Confidence Interval.
Figure 5
Forest plot and meta-analysis of differences between basal forebrain and cortex in changes from baseline microdialysate adenosine concentrations during sleep deprivation.
If papers provided multiple time points during sleep deprivation, we selected the last for the analyses. MD = Mean Difference (% over baseline); CI = Confidence Interval.