Figure 1
Distribution map of standardized height of Japanese youth.
Distribution map of the 25-year (1989 to 2013) average of the standardized height in the following subjects, in each prefecture: (A) 5-year-old males, (B) 14-year-old males, (C) 5-year-old females, and (D) 14-year-old females. The body height of Japanese youth tends to be greater in northern prefectures.
Figure 2
Distribution map of climatic variables in Japan.
Mesh climatic data of 380,000 one–kilometer mesh areas are shown. The fill in the mesh areas indicates (A) annual mean solar radiation (MJ/m2/day), (B) annual mean effective day length at 5000 lx (h/day), (C) summer effective day length at 5000 lx (April to September: h/day), (D) winter effective day length at 5000 lx (October to March: h/day), (E) summer effective day length at 0 lx (possible sunshine duration) (h/day), and (F) winter effective day length at 0 lx (possible sunshine duration) (h/day). Annual mean solar radiation, annual mean effective day length at 5000 lx, and winter effective day length at 5000 lx, tend to be relatively low in the northern areas along the Sea of Japan.
Table 1
Basic statistics for standardized height and weight.
| Standardized height | Males | Females | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 5 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 17 |
| Maximum | 0.214 Akita | 0.224 Akita | 0.237 Akita | 0.166 Akita | 0.221 Akita | 0.241 Aomori | 0.170 Akita | 0.121 Akita |
| Minimum | –0.261 Okinawa | –0.248 Okinawa | –0.144 Miyazaki | –0.305 Okinawa | –0.202 Okinawa | –0.131 Yamaguchi | –0.287 Saga | –0.323 Okinawa |
| Mean | –0.009 | –0.006 | –0.005 | –0.011 | –0.003 | 0.004 | –0.015 | –0.013 |
| Median | –0.014 | –0.010 | –0.020 | –0.008 | –0.010 | –0.010 | –0.016 | –0.007 |
| Standardized weight | Males | Females | ||||||
| Age | 5 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 17 |
| Maximum | 0.234 Aomori | 0.295 Aomori | 0.277 Aomori | 0.220 Akita | 0.242 Aomori | 0.305 Aomori | 0.253 Aomori | 0.195 Akita |
| Minimum | –0.133 Okinawa | –0.116 Yamaguchi | –0.159 Yamaguchi | –0.139 Yamaguchi | –0.135 Okinawa | –0.114 Yamaguchi | –0.111 Yamaguchi | –0.254 Okinawa |
| Mean | –0.001 | 0.007 | –0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.014 |
| Median | –0.031 | –0.024 | –0.017 | –0.016 | –0.031 | –0.017 | –0.008 | 0.002 |
Table 2
Basic statistics for climatic variables.
| SOLA | Ann 1000 | Ann 5000 | Summer 0 | Summer 1000 | Summer 5000 | Winter 0 | Winter 1000 | Winter 5000 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum | 14.00 Kochi | 11.71 Kochi | 10.50 Kochi | 13.97 Hokkaido | 13.52 Hokkaido | 11.77 Hokkaido | 10.98 Okinawa | 10.68 Okinawa | 9.50 Okinawa |
| Minimum | 11.70 Niigata | 11.61 Niigata | 10.03 Akita | 13.02 Okinawa | 12.70 Okinawa | 11.36 Tokyo | 10.03 Hokkaido | 9.72 Hokkaido | 8.35 Akita |
| Mean | 12.78 | 11.66 | 10.28 | 13.48 | 13.09 | 11.53 | 10.51 | 10.22 | 9.03 |
| Median | 12.80 | 11.66 | 10.30 | 13.47 | 13.09 | 11.52 | 10.53 | 10.23 | 9.12 |
[i] SOLA: Annual mean solar radiation (MJ/m2/day).
Ann 1000–5000: Annual mean effective day length at 1000 to 5000 lx (h/day).
Summer 0–5000: Summer effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (h/day).
Winter 0–5000: Winter effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (h/day).
Table 3
Pearson correlation matrix of climatic variables.
| SOLA | Ann 1000 | Ann 5000 | Summer 0 | Summer 1000 | Summer 5000 | Winter 0 | Winter 1000 | Winter 5000 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOLA | 1 | ||||||||
| Ann 1000 | 0.95** | 1 | |||||||
| Ann 5000 | 0.96** | 0.96** | 1 | ||||||
| Summer 0 | –0.68** | –0.66** | –0.71** | 1 | |||||
| Summer 1000 | –0.62** | –0.61** | –0.68** | 0.99** | 1 | ||||
| Summer 5000 | –0.10 | –0.22 | –0.33 | 0.60** | 0.69** | 1 | |||
| Winter 0 | 0.68** | 0.66** | 0.71** | –1.00** | –0.99** | –0.60** | 1 | ||
| Winter 1000 | 0.78** | 0.79** | 0.83** | –0.98** | –0.97** | –0.61** | 0.98** | 1 | |
| Winter 5000 | 0.84** | 0.88** | 0.95** | –0.80** | –0.80** | –0.61** | 0.80** | 0.90** | 1 |
[i] SOLA: Annual mean solar radiation.
Ann 1000–5000: Annual mean effective day length at 1000 to 5000 lx.
Summer 0–5000: Summer effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx.
Winter 0–5000: Winter effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx.
**p < 0.0001 *p < 0.005.
Table 4
Pearson’s correlation coefficients of the relationship between height and climatic variables.
| SOLA | Ann 1000 | Ann 5000 | Summer 0 | Summer 1000 | Summer 5000 | Winter 0 | Winter 1000 | Winter 5000 | Weight | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | ||||||||||
| Age: 5 | –0.82** | –0.78** | –0.82** | 0.84** | 0.80** | 0.35 | –0.84** | –0.87** | –0.80** | 0.82** |
| 6 | –0.81** | –0.76** | –0.79** | 0.80** | 0.76** | 0.29 | –0.80** | –0.83** | –0.76** | 0.82** |
| 7 | –0.82** | –0.78** | –0.82** | 0.82** | 0.78** | 0.34 | –0.82** | –0.85** | –0.80** | 0.82** |
| 8 | –0.83** | –0.78** | –0.82** | 0.83** | 0.79** | 0.33 | –0.83** | –0.86** | –0.80** | 0.81** |
| 9 | –0.84** | –0.80** | –0.84** | 0.83** | 0.80** | 0.34 | –0.83** | –0.87** | –0.82** | 0.83** |
| 10 | –0.81** | –0.77** | –0.82** | 0.84** | 0.82** | 0.37 | –0.84** | –0.88** | –0.82** | 0.86** |
| 11 | –0.77** | –0.74** | –0.80** | 0.80** | 0.78** | 0.38 | –0.80** | –0.84** | –0.80** | 0.88** |
| 12 | –0.78** | –0.74** | –0.81** | 0.80** | 0.78** | 0.38 | –0.80** | –0.84** | –0.81** | 0.87** |
| 13 | –0.83** | –0.79** | –0.86** | 0.78** | 0.76** | 0.37 | –0.78** | –0.84** | –0.85** | 0.84** |
| 14 | –0.88** | –0.84** | –0.89** | 0.77** | 0.74** | 0.32 | –0.77** | –0.84** | –0.85** | 0.78** |
| 15 | –0.88** | –0.85** | –0.87** | 0.73** | 0.69** | 0.26 | –0.73** | –0.80** | –0.82** | 0.68** |
| 16 | –0.87** | –0.84** | –0.85** | 0.72** | 0.68** | 0.24 | –0.73** | –0.79** | –0.80** | 0.66** |
| 17 | –0.86** | –0.83** | –0.83** | 0.70** | 0.65** | 0.22 | –0.70** | –0.77** | –0.78** | 0.63** |
| Females | ||||||||||
| Age: 5 | –0.80** | –0.75** | –0.80** | 0.82** | 0.78** | 0.35 | –0.82** | –0.85** | –0.79** | 0.84** |
| 6 | –0.78** | –0.74** | –0.78** | 0.78** | 0.74** | 0.32 | –0.78** | –0.81** | –0.76** | 0.84** |
| 7 | –0.82** | –0.78** | –0.83** | 0.81** | 0.78** | 0.34 | –0.81** | –0.86** | –0.81** | 0.83** |
| 8 | –0.81** | –0.79** | –0.84** | 0.77** | 0.75** | 0.36 | –0.78** | –0.83** | –0.83** | 0.85** |
| 9 | –0.79** | –0.77** | –0.83** | 0.74** | 0.72** | 0.38 | –0.74** | –0.80** | –0.82** | 0.86** |
| 10 | –0.76** | –0.74** | –0.81** | 0.71** | 0.70** | 0.38 | –0.71** | –0.78** | –0.81** | 0.86** |
| 11 | –0.78** | –0.77** | –0.83** | 0.73** | 0.71** | 0.38 | –0.72** | –0.80** | –0.83** | 0.78** |
| 12 | –0.86** | –0.83** | –0.88** | 0.75** | 0.72** | 0.31 | –0.75** | –0.82** | –0.84** | 0.58** |
| 13 | –0.84** | –0.80** | –0.82** | 0.70** | 0.66** | 0.23 | –0.70** | –0.76** | –0.77** | 0.49* |
| 14 | –0.87** | –0.83** | –0.84** | 0.69** | 0.65** | 0.22 | –0.69** | –0.77** | –0.78** | 0.48* |
| 15 | –0.84** | –0.79** | –0.80** | 0.65** | 0.61** | 0.17 | –0.66** | –0.72** | –0.72** | 0.49* |
| 16 | –0.81** | –0.77** | –0.76** | 0.65** | 0.60** | 0.16 | –0.65** | –0.71** | –0.70** | 0.53* |
| 17 | –0.82** | –0.80** | –0.79** | 0.65** | 0.60** | 0.19 | –0.65** | –0.72** | –0.72** | 0.56** |
[i] SOLA: Annual mean solar radiation.
Ann 1000–5000: Annual mean effective day length at 1000 to 5000 lx.
Summer 0–5000: Summer effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (April to September).
Winter 0–5000: Winter effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (October to March).
**p < 0.0001 *p < 0.005.
Table 5
Pearson’s correlation coefficients of the association between weight and climatic variables.
| SOLA | Ann 1000 | Ann 5000 | Summer 0 | Summer 1000 | Summer 5000 | Winter 0 | Winter 1000 | Winter 5000 | Weight | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | ||||||||||
| Age: 5 | –0.56** | –0.51* | –0.55** | 0.72** | 0.70** | 0.28 | –0.72** | –0.70** | –0.55** | 0.82** |
| 6 | –0.56** | –0.53* | –0.58** | 0.72** | 0.70** | 0.34 | –0.72** | –0.71** | –0.60** | 0.82** |
| 7 | –0.58** | –0.55** | –0.61** | 0.75** | 0.74** | 0.40 | –0.75** | –0.75** | –0.65** | 0.82** |
| 8 | –0.57** | –0.55** | –0.61** | 0.74** | 0.73** | 0.39 | –0.74** | –0.74** | –0.64** | 0.81** |
| 9 | –0.58** | –0.55** | –0.61** | 0.77** | 0.75** | 0.40 | –0.76** | –0.76** | –0.65** | 0.83** |
| 10 | –0.55** | –0.52* | –0.58** | 0.76** | 0.75** | 0.38 | –0.76** | –0.75** | –0.61** | 0.86** |
| 11 | –0.51* | –0.48* | –0.54** | 0.71** | 0.71** | 0.36 | –0.71** | –0.70** | –0.58** | 0.88** |
| 12 | –0.49* | –0.46* | –0.52* | 0.71** | 0.70** | 0.38 | –0.70** | –0.69** | –0.57** | 0.87** |
| 13 | –0.52* | –0.48* | –0.55** | 0.70** | 0.70** | 0.38 | –0.70** | –0.69** | –0.59** | 0.84** |
| 14 | –0.58** | –0.54** | –0.60** | 0.73** | 0.72** | 0.37 | –0.73** | –0.73** | –0.63** | 0.78** |
| 15 | –0.60** | –0.58** | –0.61** | 0.74** | 0.72** | 0.34 | –0.74** | –0.74** | –0.62** | 0.68** |
| 16 | –0.63** | –0.59** | –0.64** | 0.76** | 0.75** | 0.35 | –0.76** | –0.77** | –0.65** | 0.66** |
| 17 | –0.65** | –0.62** | –0.66** | 0.77** | 0.75** | 0.39 | –0.77** | –0.78** | –0.69** | 0.63** |
| Females | ||||||||||
| Age: 5 | –0.55** | –0.50* | –0.53* | 0.70** | 0.68** | 0.28 | –0.70** | –0.68** | –0.54** | 0.84** |
| 6 | –0.54** | –0.52* | –0.57** | 0.68** | 0.67** | 0.34 | –0.68** | –0.68** | –0.59** | 0.84** |
| 7 | –0.58** | –0.54** | –0.61** | 0.71** | 0.71** | 0.37 | –0.71** | –0.72** | –0.64** | 0.83** |
| 8 | –0.56** | –0.54** | –0.61** | 0.69** | 0.68** | 0.37 | –0.69** | –0.70** | –0.63** | 0.85** |
| 9 | –0.52* | –0.51* | –0.57** | 0.66** | 0.65** | 0.38 | –0.65** | –0.67** | –0.61** | 0.86** |
| 10 | –0.49* | –0.48* | –0.53* | 0.61** | 0.60** | 0.33 | –0.61** | –0.62** | –0.56** | 0.86** |
| 11 | –0.43* | –0.42* | –0.48* | 0.59** | 0.59** | 0.32 | –0.59** | –0.59** | –0.51* | 0.78** |
| 12 | –0.37 | –0.37 | –0.43* | 0.59** | 0.59** | 0.37 | –0.59** | –0.57** | –0.48* | 0.58** |
| 13 | –0.46* | –0.44* | –0.50* | 0.67** | 0.67** | 0.40 | –0.67** | –0.66** | –0.55** | 0.49* |
| 14 | –0.50* | –0.48* | –0.53* | 0.72** | 0.72** | 0.43* | –0.72** | –0.71** | –0.59** | 0.48* |
| 15 | –0.53* | –0.53* | –0.55** | 0.73** | 0.71** | 0.40 | –0.73** | –0.72** | –0.59** | 0.49* |
| 16 | –0.56** | –0.56** | –0.58** | 0.74** | 0.73** | 0.42* | –0.74** | –0.74** | –0.63** | 0.53* |
| 17 | –0.57** | –0.57** | –0.58** | 0.75** | 0.73** | 0.42* | –0.75** | –0.74** | –0.63** | 0.56** |
[i] SOLA: Annual mean solar radiation.
Ann 1000–5000: Annual mean effective day length at 1000 to 5000 lx.
Summer 0–5000: Summer effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (April to September).
Winter 0–5000: Winter effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (October to March).
**p < 0.0001 *p < 0.005.
Table 6
Regression coefficients (standard errors) of predictors of height in a 5-year-old child.
| Male | Regression coefficient | Standard error | 95% CI Lower | 95% CI Upper | t | p | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight | 0.52 | 0.07 | 0.382 | 0.656 | 7.65 | <0.0001 | 0.859 |
| SOLA | –0.53 | 0.07 | –0.666 | –0.392 | –7.80 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.57 | 0.07 | 0.431 | 0.709 | 8.26 | <0.0001 | 0.842 |
| Ann 1000 | –0.48 | 0.07 | –0.624 | –0.346 | –7.03 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.53 | 0.07 | 0.397 | 0.663 | 8.02 | <0.0001 | 0.862 |
| Ann 5000 | –0.53 | 0.07 | –0.659 | –0.393 | –7.95 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.44 | 0.10 | 0.247 | 0.640 | 4.54 | <0.0001 | 0.796 |
| Summer 0 | 0.52 | 0.10 | 0.321 | 0.714 | 5.30 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.302 | 0.699 | 5.08 | <0.0001 | 0.775 |
| Summer 1000 | 0.46 | 0.10 | 0.257 | 0.654 | 4.62 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.78 | 0.09 | 0.605 | 0.956 | 8.94 | <0.0001 | 0.684 |
| Summer 5000 | 0.13 | 0.09 | –0.045 | 0.307 | 1.50 | 0.1399 | |
| Weight | 0.44 | 0.10 | 0.246 | 0.638 | 4.54 | <0.0001 | 0.797 |
| Winter 0 | –0.52 | 0.10 | –0.715 | –0.323 | –5.33 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.41 | 0.08 | 0.240 | 0.577 | 4.88 | <0.0001 | 0.840 |
| Winter 1000 | –0.58 | 0.08 | –0.751 | –0.414 | –6.97 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.54 | 0.07 | 0.396 | 0.680 | 7.64 | <0.0001 | 0.845 |
| Winter 5000 | –0.50 | 0.07 | –0.647 | –0.363 | –7.17 | <0.0001 | |
| Female | |||||||
| Weight | 0.58 | 0.06 | 0.454 | 0.712 | 9.12 | <0.0001 | 0.871 |
| SOLA | –0.48 | 0.06 | –0.605 | –0.347 | –7.45 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.62 | 0.06 | 0.494 | 0.752 | 9.70 | <0.0001 | 0.861 |
| Ann 1000 | –0.44 | 0.06 | –0.573 | –0.314 | –6.91 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.58 | 0.06 | 0.463 | 0.707 | 9.65 | <0.0001 | 0.882 |
| Ann 5000 | –0.49 | 0.06 | –0.608 | –0.364 | –8.03 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.53 | 0.09 | 0.351 | 0.719 | 5.85 | <0.0001 | 0.811 |
| Summer 0 | 0.44 | 0.09 | 0.256 | 0.624 | 4.82 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.58 | 0.09 | 0.394 | 0.763 | 6.30 | <0.0001 | 0.795 |
| Summer 1000 | 0.39 | 0.09 | 0.207 | 0.576 | 4.27 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.81 | 0.08 | 0.646 | 0.972 | 9.99 | <0.0001 | 0.728 |
| Summer 5000 | 0.13 | 0.08 | –0.037 | 0.290 | 1.56 | 0.1251 | |
| Weight | 0.53 | 0.09 | 0.349 | 0.716 | 5.85 | <0.0001 | 0.811 |
| Winter 0 | –0.44 | 0.09 | –0.626 | –0.259 | –4.85 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.337 | 0.657 | 6.27 | <0.0001 | 0.849 |
| Winter 1000 | –0.51 | 0.08 | –0.667 | –0.347 | –6.39 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.59 | 0.06 | 0.461 | 0.720 | 9.17 | <0.0001 | 0.868 |
| Winter 5000 | –0.47 | 0.06 | –0.599 | –0.339 | –7.29 | <0.0001 | |
[i] SOLA: Annual mean solar radiation.
Ann 1000–5000: Annual mean effective day length at 1000 to 5000 lx.
Summer 0–5000: Summer effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (April to September).
Winter 0–5000: Winter effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (October to March).
Table 7
Regression coefficients (standard errors) of predictors of height 9-year-old.
| Male | Regression coefficient | Standard error | 95% CI Lower | 95% CI Upper | t | p | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight | 0.52 | 0.06 | 0.397 | 0.643 | 8.51 | <0.0001 | 0.889 |
| SOLA | –0.54 | 0.06 | –0.663 | –0.417 | –8.83 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.56 | 0.07 | 0.430 | 0.699 | 8.45 | <0.0001 | 0.861 |
| Ann 1000 | –0.49 | 0.07 | –0.622 | –0.353 | –7.29 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.51 | 0.07 | 0.374 | 0.651 | 7.47 | <0.0001 | 0.868 |
| Ann 5000 | –0.52 | 0.07 | –0.663 | –0.386 | –7.64 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.47 | 0.11 | 0.259 | 0.688 | 4.45 | 0.0001 | 0.788 |
| Summer 0 | 0.47 | 0.11 | 0.257 | 0.686 | 4.42 | 0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.54 | 0.11 | 0.316 | 0.760 | 4.88 | <0.0001 | 0.763 |
| Summer 1000 | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.171 | 0.615 | 3.57 | 0.0009 | |
| Weight | 0.83 | 0.09 | 0.650 | 1.012 | 9.27 | <0.0001 | 0.696 |
| Summer 5000 | 0.01 | 0.09 | –0.172 | 0.189 | 0.10 | 0.9222 | |
| Weight | 0.47 | 0.11 | 0.259 | 0.686 | 4.45 | 0.0001 | 0.789 |
| Winter 0 | –0.47 | 0.11 | –0.687 | –0.259 | –4.46 | 0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.215 | 0.594 | 4.30 | 0.0001 | 0.832 |
| Winter 1000 | –0.57 | 0.09 | –0.755 | –0.376 | –6.01 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.52 | 0.08 | 0.359 | 0.685 | 6.46 | <0.0001 | 0.830 |
| Winter 5000 | –0.48 | 0.08 | –0.643 | –0.317 | –5.94 | <0.0001 | |
| Female | |||||||
| Weight | 0.62 | 0.06 | 0.505 | 0.732 | 11.01 | <0.0001 | 0.896 |
| SOLA | –0.46 | 0.06 | –0.577 | –0.351 | –8.26 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.63 | 0.06 | 0.515 | 0.751 | 10.82 | <0.0001 | 0.886 |
| Ann 1000 | –0.45 | 0.06 | –0.563 | –0.328 | –7.62 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.461 | 0.683 | 10.37 | <0.0001 | 0.908 |
| Ann 5000 | –0.50 | 0.06 | –0.613 | –0.391 | –9.10 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.66 | 0.09 | 0.478 | 0.840 | 7.33 | <0.0001 | 0.793 |
| Summer 0 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.126 | 0.488 | 3.41 | 0.0014 | |
| Weight | 0.67 | 0.09 | 0.491 | 0.858 | 7.41 | <0.0001 | 0.785 |
| Summer 1000 | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.100 | 0.467 | 3.11 | 0.0032 | |
| Weight | 0.84 | 0.08 | 0.673 | 1.002 | 10.24 | <0.0001 | 0.742 |
| Summer 5000 | 0.06 | 0.08 | –0.106 | 0.224 | 0.72 | 0.4762 | |
| Weight | 0.66 | 0.09 | 0.478 | 0.839 | 7.35 | <0.0001 | 0.793 |
| Winter 0 | –0.31 | 0.09 | –0.488 | –0.127 | –3.43 | 0.0013 | |
| Weight | 0.58 | 0.08 | 0.418 | 0.746 | 7.16 | <0.0001 | 0.835 |
| Winter 1000 | –0.42 | 0.08 | –0.580 | –0.253 | –5.12 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.440 | 0.700 | 8.84 | <0.0001 | 0.882 |
| Winter 5000 | –0.48 | 0.06 | –0.606 | –0.346 | –7.38 | <0.0001 | |
[i] SOLA: Annual mean solar radiation.
Ann 1000–5000: Annual mean effective day length at 1000 to 5000 lx.
Summer 0–5000: Summer effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (April to September).
Winter 0–5000: Winter effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (October to March).
Table 8
Regression coefficients (standard errors) of predictors of height 13-year-old.
| Male | Regression coefficient | Standard error | 95% CI Lower | 95% CI Upper | t | p | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight | 0.56 | 0.05 | 0.460 | 0.666 | 10.99 | <0.0001 | 0.914 |
| SOLA | –0.53 | 0.05 | –0.637 | –0.431 | –10.43 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.60 | 0.05 | 0.489 | 0.710 | 10.93 | <0.0001 | 0.896 |
| Ann 1000 | –0.50 | 0.05 | –0.609 | –0.388 | –9.09 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.53 | 0.05 | 0.430 | 0.621 | 11.07 | <0.0001 | 0.930 |
| Ann 5000 | –0.57 | 0.05 | –0.664 | –0.473 | –11.98 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.379 | 0.774 | 5.87 | <0.0001 | 0.778 |
| Summer 0 | 0.38 | 0.10 | 0.179 | 0.575 | 3.84 | 0.0004 | |
| Weight | 0.60 | 0.10 | 0.399 | 0.803 | 5.99 | <0.0001 | 0.766 |
| Summer 1000 | 0.34 | 0.10 | 0.141 | 0.545 | 3.42 | 0.0013 | |
| Weight | 0.82 | 0.09 | 0.642 | 0.993 | 9.38 | <0.0001 | 0.708 |
| Summer 5000 | 0.06 | 0.09 | –0.116 | 0.235 | 0.68 | 0.5017 | |
| Weight | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.379 | 0.774 | 5.88 | <0.0001 | 0.778 |
| Winter 0 | –0.38 | 0.10 | –0.575 | –0.180 | –3.85 | 0.0004 | |
| Weight | 0.50 | 0.08 | 0.327 | 0.666 | 5.89 | <0.0001 | 0.834 |
| Winter 1000 | –0.50 | 0.08 | –0.666 | –0.327 | –5.90 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.52 | 0.06 | 0.400 | 0.644 | 8.61 | <0.0001 | 0.893 |
| Winter 5000 | –0.54 | 0.06 | –0.659 | –0.415 | –8.86 | <0.0001 | |
| Female | |||||||
| Weight | 0.13 | 0.09 | –0.048 | 0.312 | 1.47 | 0.1477 | 0.715 |
| SOLA | –0.78 | 0.09 | –0.957 | –0.597 | –8.69 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.17 | 0.10 | –0.023 | 0.365 | 1.78 | 0.0826 | 0.663 |
| Ann 1000 | –0.72 | 0.10 | –0.919 | –0.531 | –7.53 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.10 | 0.10 | –0.091 | 0.300 | 1.08 | 0.2877 | 0.681 |
| Ann 5000 | –0.77 | 0.10 | –0.964 | –0.572 | –7.91 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.04 | 0.14 | –0.250 | 0.331 | 0.28 | 0.7825 | 0.484 |
| Summer 0 | 0.67 | 0.14 | 0.378 | 0.959 | 4.63 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.08 | 0.15 | –0.220 | 0.386 | 0.55 | 0.5835 | 0.438 |
| Summer 1000 | 0.60 | 0.15 | 0.300 | 0.907 | 4.01 | 0.0002 | |
| Weight | 0.47 | 0.14 | 0.186 | 0.758 | 3.32 | 0.0018 | 0.239 |
| Summer 5000 | 0.04 | 0.14 | –0.246 | 0.326 | 0.28 | 0.7788 | |
| Weight | 0.04 | 0.14 | –0.250 | 0.330 | 0.28 | 0.7818 | 0.485 |
| Winter 0 | –0.67 | 0.14 | –0.959 | –0.379 | –4.65 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | –0.03 | 0.13 | –0.285 | 0.229 | –0.22 | 0.8259 | 0.585 |
| Winter 1000 | –0.78 | 0.13 | –1.040 | –0.527 | –6.14 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.09 | 0.11 | –0.138 | 0.321 | 0.80 | 0.4265 | 0.593 |
| Winter 5000 | –0.72 | 0.11 | –0.946 | –0.486 | –6.27 | <0.0001 | |
[i] SOLA: Annual mean solar radiation.
Ann 1000–5000: Annual mean effective day length at 1000 to 5000 lx.
Summer 0–5000: Summer effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (April to September).
Winter 0–5000: Winter effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (October to March).
Table 9
Regression coefficients (standard errors) of predictors of height 17-year-old.
| Male | Regression coefficient | Standard error | 95% CI Lower | 95% CI Upper | t | P | R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight | 0.13 | 0.10 | –0.068 | 0.333 | 1.33 | 0.1890 | 0.741 |
| SOLA | –0.77 | 0.10 | –0.970 | –0.569 | –7.73 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.18 | 0.10 | –0.020 | 0.389 | 1.81 | 0.0763 | 0.715 |
| Ann 1000 | –0.72 | 0.10 | –0.923 | –0.514 | –7.08 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.14 | 0.11 | –0.078 | 0.358 | 1.29 | 0.2029 | 0.704 |
| Ann 5000 | –0.74 | 0.11 | –0.958 | –0.521 | –6.83 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.23 | 0.17 | –0.106 | 0.559 | 1.37 | 0.1764 | 0.508 |
| Summer 0 | 0.52 | 0.17 | 0.190 | 0.855 | 3.17 | 0.0028 | |
| Weight | 0.32 | 0.17 | –0.010 | 0.657 | 1.95 | 0.0571 | 0.469 |
| Summer 1000 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.074 | 0.741 | 2.46 | 0.0178 | |
| Weight | 0.64 | 0.13 | 0.387 | 0.892 | 5.10 | <0.0001 | 0.398 |
| Summer 5000 | –0.02 | 0.13 | –0.276 | 0.230 | –0.18 | 0.8553 | |
| Weight | 0.23 | 0.16 | –0.106 | 0.558 | 1.37 | 0.1775 | 0.508 |
| Winter 0 | –0.52 | 0.16 | –0.856 | –0.192 | –3.18 | 0.0027 | |
| Weight | 0.07 | 0.15 | –0.233 | 0.381 | 0.49 | 0.6286 | 0.594 |
| Winter 1000 | –0.71 | 0.15 | –1.018 | –0.404 | –4.66 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.19 | 0.13 | –0.068 | 0.441 | 1.47 | 0.1476 | 0.619 |
| Winter 5000 | –0.65 | 0.13 | –0.902 | –0.392 | –5.11 | <0.0001 | |
| Female | |||||||
| Weight | 0.13 | 0.10 | –0.069 | 0.339 | 1.33 | 0.1891 | 0.689 |
| SOLA | –0.75 | 0.10 | –0.950 | –0.542 | –7.37 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.15 | 0.11 | –0.064 | 0.365 | 1.41 | 0.1643 | 0.657 |
| Ann 1000 | –0.71 | 0.11 | –0.929 | –0.500 | –6.71 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.16 | 0.11 | –0.067 | 0.378 | 1.40 | 0.1670 | 0.634 |
| Ann 5000 | –0.70 | 0.11 | –0.919 | –0.473 | –6.29 | <0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.17 | 0.17 | –0.170 | 0.515 | 1.02 | 0.3146 | 0.430 |
| Summer 0 | 0.52 | 0.17 | 0.174 | 0.859 | 3.04 | 0.0040 | |
| Weight | 0.27 | 0.17 | –0.072 | 0.612 | 1.59 | 0.1185 | 0.389 |
| Summer 1000 | 0.40 | 0.17 | 0.057 | 0.741 | 2.35 | 0.0231 | |
| Weight | 0.59 | 0.14 | 0.312 | 0.859 | 4.31 | 0.0001 | 0.316 |
| Summer 5000 | –0.06 | 0.14 | –0.335 | 0.213 | –0.45 | 0.6545 | |
| Weight | 0.17 | 0.17 | –0.172 | 0.513 | 1.00 | 0.3212 | 0.431 |
| Winter 0 | –0.52 | 0.17 | –0.861 | –0.176 | –3.05 | 0.0038 | |
| Weight | 0.06 | 0.16 | –0.254 | 0.374 | 0.39 | 0.7013 | 0.514 |
| Winter 1000 | –0.67 | 0.16 | –0.985 | –0.357 | –4.30 | 0.0001 | |
| Weight | 0.17 | 0.13 | –0.088 | 0.435 | 1.34 | 0.1881 | 0.542 |
| Winter 5000 | –0.61 | 0.13 | –0.876 | –0.353 | –4.73 | <0.0001 | |
[i] SOLA: Annual mean solar radiation.
Ann 1000–5000: Annual mean effective day length at 1000 to 5000 lx.
Summer 0–5000: Summer effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (April to September).
Winter 0–5000: Winter effective day length at 0 (possible sunshine duration) to 5000 lx (October to March).