References
- 1Anzidei, M, Antonioli, F, Lambeck, K, Benini, A, Soussi, M and Lakhdar, R. 2011. New insights on the relative sea level change during Holocene along the coasts of Tunisia and western Libya from archaeological and geomorphological markers. Quaternary International, 232(1–2): 5–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.03.018
- 2Ashmore, PJ. 2005.
Archaeology and the coastal erosion zone . In: Dawson, T (ed.), Coastal Archaeology and Erosion in Scotland. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland, pp. 1–8. - 3Barber, RLN. 1999.
Hostile Mycenaeans in the Cyclades? In: Laffineur, R (ed.), POLEMOS: Le contexte guerrier en Égée á l’âge du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre égéenne internationale Université de Liège, 14–17 avril 1998. Aegaeum: Annales d’archéologie égéenne de l’Université de Liège et UT-PASP, 19. Liège: Université de Liège, Histoire de l›art et archéologie de la Grèce antique, pp. 133–139. - 4Belza, A. 2018. (Re)assessing the Western String Model: Archaeological Data from the Cyclades Post-1979. Unpublished thesis (MA), University of Cincinnati.
- 5Berg, I. 2006.
The ‘Western String’: A Reassessment . In: Kalokairinos, A. (ed.), Proceedings of the 9th International Cretological Congress, Elounda, 1–6 October 2001 (Irakleio). Herakleio: Society of Cretan Historical Studies, pp. 135–150. - 6Bini, M, Zanchetta, G, Perşoiu, A, Cartier, R, Català, A, Cacho, I, Dean, JR, Di Rita, F, Drysdale, RN, Finnè, M, Isola, I, Jalali, B, Lirer, F, Magri, D, Masi, A, Marks, L, Mercuri, AM, Peyron, O, Sadori, L, Sicre, M, Welc, F, Zielhofer, C and Brisset, E. 2019. The 4.2 ka BP Event in the Mediterranean region: an overview. Climate of the Past, 15(2): 555–577. DOI: 10.5194/cp-15-555-2019
- 7Broodbank, C. 2000. An island archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- 8Cherry, JF, Davis, JL and Mantzourani, E. 1991. Landscape Archaeology as Long-Term History. Northern Keos in the Cycladic Islands from Earliest Settlement until Modern Times. Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Archaeology.
- 9Coleman, JE. 1977. Keos I. Kephala. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies.
- 10Conolly, J and Lake, M. 2006. Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511807459
- 11Davis, JL. 1979.
Minos and Dexithea: Crete and the Cyclades in the Later Bronze Age . In: Davis, JL and Cherry, JF (eds.), Papers in Cycladic Prehistory. Los Angeles: University of California, Institute of Archaeology, pp. 143–57. - 12Davis, JL. 1982. The Earliest Minoans in the South-East Aegean: a Reconsideration of the Evidence. Anatolian Studies, 32: 33–41. DOI: 10.2307/3642670
- 13Davis, JL. 2001.
The Islands of the Aegean. Aegean Prehistory: A Review . In: Cullen, T (ed.), Aegean Prehistory: A Review, AJA Supplement I. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America, pp. 699–756. - 14Davis, JL. 2008.
Minoan Crete and the Aegean Islands . In: Shelmerdine, CW (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 186–208. DOI: 10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.009 - 15Dijkstra, EW. 1959. A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numerische Mathematik, 1: 269–271. DOI: 10.1007/BF01386390
- 16Dermitzakis, MD, Kyriakopoulos, K and Ntrinia, C. 2001. Παλαιογεωγραϕική εξέλιξη και γεωλογικά συμβάντα των νοτίων Σποράδων με ιδιαίτερη έμϕαση στη νήσο Κω (Paleogeographic evolution and geological events of the southern Sporades with special emphasis on the island of Kos). In: Kokkorou-Aleura, G and Simantoni-Bournia, E (eds.), Ιστορία – Τέχνη- Αρχαιολογία τησ Κω – Α’ Διεθνέσ επιστημονικό συνέδριο Κωσ, 2–4 Μαΐου 1997 (History – Art – Archaeology of Kos – 1 st International Scientific Conference Kos, 2–4 May 1997). Athens:
University of Athens , pp. 25–36 - 17Diwan, GA and Doumit, J. 2017. The Berytus-Heliopolis Baalbak Road in the Roman period: A least cost path analysis. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 17(3): 225–242.
- 18EMODnet. 2024. European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet). Available at
https://emodnet.ec.europa.eu/geoviewer/ [Last accessed 18 February 2024]. - 19FlowMap Group@SESS-PKU. 2021. Least-Cost Path plugin for QGIS 3. Version 1.1. Available at
https://github.com/Gooong/LeastCostPath [Last accessed 18 February 2024]. - 20GDAL/OGR contributors. 2020. GDAL/OGR Geospatial Data Abstraction software Library. Available at
https://gdal.org [Last accessed 18 February 2024]. DOI: 10.22224/gistbok/2020.4.1 - 21Georgiadis, M. 2012. Kos in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age: The Halasarna Finds and the Aegean Settlement Pattern. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt3fgw48
- 22Georgiou, H and Faraklas, N. 1985. Ancient Habitation Pattern of Keos. Locations and Nature of Sites on the Northwest Part of the Island. Ariadne, 3: 207–266. DOI: 10.26248/ariadne.v3i0.1146
- 23Gorogianni, E. 2016.
Keian, Kei-noanised, Kei-cenaeanised? Interregional Contact and Identity in Ayia Irini, Kea . In: Gorogianni, E, Pavúk, P and Girella, L (eds.), Beyond Thalassocracies. Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 136–154. - 24Gowen, KM and de Smet, TS. 2020. Testing least cost path (LCP) models for travel time and kilocalorie expenditure: Implications for landscape genomics. PloS One, 15(9):
e0239387 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239387 - 25Gustas, R and Supernant, K. 2017. Least cost path analysis of early maritime movement on the Pacific Northwest Coast. Journal of Archaeological Science, 78: 40–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.006
- 26Gustas, R and Supernant, K. 2019. Coastal migration into the Americas and least cost path analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 54: 192–206. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2019.04.006
- 27Hammer, E. 2014. Local landscape organization of mobile pastoralists in southeastern Turkey. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 35: 269–288. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2014.06.001
- 28Herzog, I. 2013. Theory and practice of cost functions. In: Contreras, F, Farjas, M and Melero, FJ (eds.), Fusion of cultures. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Granada, Spain, April 2010. Oxford:
Archaeopress , pp. 375–382. - 29Herzog, I. 2014. Least-cost paths – some methodological issues. Internet Archaeology, 36. DOI: 10.11141/ia.36.5
- 30Herzog, I and Yépez, A. 2015. The impact of the DEM on archaeological GIS studies: A case study in Ecuador. Presented at the 19th International Conference on Cultural Heritage and New Technologies 2014. Vienna:
ICOMOS Austria . Available athttps://www.chnt.at/wp-content/uploads/eBook_CHNT20_Herzog_Yepez_2015.pdf [Last accessed 18 February 2024]. - 31Hil, G. 2020. Better management through measurement: Integrating archaeological site features into a GIS-based erosion and sea level rise impact assessment—Blueskin Bay, New Zealand. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 15(1): 104–126. DOI: 10.1080/15564894.2018.1531331
- 32Jochim, MA. 2022. Dots on the map: Issues in the archaeological analysis of site locations. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 30: 876–894. DOI: 10.1007/s10816-022-09580-8
- 33Jones, DW. 2021. The Western String in the Late MBA and LBA I-II: Populations and Account Balances. Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici. Nuova Serie, 7: 91–136.
- 34Józsa, E, Fábián, SÁ and Kovács, M. 2014. An evaluation of EU-DEM in comparison with ASTER GDEM, SRTM and contour-based DEMs over the Eastern Mecsek Mountains. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 63(4): 401–423. DOI: 10.15201/hungeobull.63.4.3
- 35Kantner, J. 2012.
Realism, reality, and routes . In: Surface-Evans, S and White, DA (eds.), Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes. Archaeological Case Studies. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, pp. 225–238. - 36Kiousopoulos, J. 2008. Methodological approach of coastal areas concerning typology and spatial indicators, in the context of integrated management and environmental assessment. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 12: 19–25. DOI: 10.1007/s11852-008-0019-6
- 37Kraft, JC, Aschenbrenner, SE and Rapp, G. 1977. Paleogeographic Reconstructions of Coastal Aegean Archaeological Sites: Geological analyses yield information on coastal paleogeographic settings of archaeological sites. Science, 195(4282): 941–947. DOI: 10.1126/science.195.4282.941
- 38Lambeck, K. 1995. Late Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level change in Greece and south-western Turkey: A separation of eustatic, isostatic and tectonic contributions. Geophysical Journal International, 122(3): 1022–1044. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06853.x
- 39Lambeck, K. 1996. Sea-level change and shoreline evolution in Aegean Greece since Upper Palaeolithic time. Antiquity, 70(269): 588–611. DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00083733
- 40Lewis, J. 2021. Probabilistic modelling for incorporating uncertainty in least cost path results: A post-dictive Roman road case study. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 28(3): 911–924. DOI: 10.1007/s10816-021-09522-w
- 41Lewis, J. 2023. Explaining Known Past Routes, Underdetermination, and the Use of Multiple Cost Functions. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. DOI: 10.1007/s10816-023-09621-w
- 42Lothrop, J, Burke, A, Winchell-Sweeney, S and Gauthier, G. 2018. Coupling lithic sourcing with least cost path analysis to model Paleoindian pathways in northeastern North America. American Antiquity, 83(3): 462–484. DOI: 10.1017/aaq.2018.25
- 43Mee, C. 1982. Rhodes in the Bronze Age. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
- 44Mouratidis, A, Karadimou, G and Ampatzidis, D. 2017. Extraction and Validation of Geomorphological Features from EU-DEM in The Vicinity of the Mygdonia Basin, Northern Greece. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 95. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/95/3/032009
- 45Nuttall, C. 2014. Friend or Foe: ‘Mycenaeanisation’ at Phylakopi on Melos in the Late Bronze Age. Rosetta, 16: 15–36.
- 46Nuttall, C. 2021a. ‘Backs to the sea?’ Least-cost paths and coastality in the Southern Early Bronze Age IIA Aegean. In: Albertazzi, G, Muti, G and Saggio, A (eds.), Islands in Dialogue (ISLANDIA): Proceedings of the First International Postgraduate Conference in the Prehistory and Protohistory of the Mediterranean Islands. Rome:
Artemide , pp. 116–129. - 47Nuttall, C. 2021b. Seascape Dialogues: Human-sea interaction in the Aegean from Late Neolithic to Late Bronze Age. Thesis (PhD), Uppsala University. DOI: 10.33063/diva-457245
- 48Nuttall, C. 2024.
Online Appendix for A GIS Analysis of Coastal Proximity with a Prehistoric Greek Case Study [Data set] . Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10634062 - 49Peterson, RE. 2022. Maritime least cost path analysis: Archaic travel routes in the Upper Great Lakes. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 47(2): 105–127. DOI: 10.5406/23274271.47.2.01
- 50Phillips, SM and Leckman, PO. 2012.
Wandering the desert: Least cost path modeling for water transport trails in the Jornada Mogollon region, Fort Bliss, South-Central New Mexico . In: Surface-Evans, SL and White, DA (eds.), Least cost analysis of social landscapes: Archaeological case studies. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 46–66. - 51QGIS Development Team. 2023. QGIS Geographic Information System. Version 3.32.3 ‘Lima’. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available at
http://qgis.osgeo.org [Last accessed 18 February 2024]. - 52Randsborg, K. 2002. Kefalonia Archaeology & History. Acta archaeologica, 73(2): 1–351. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0390.2001.720201.x
- 53Reeder, LA, Rick, TC and Erlandson, JM. 2012. Our disappearing past: A GIS analysis of the vulnerability of coastal archaeological resources in California’s Santa Barbara Channel Region. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 16(2): 187–197. DOI: 10.1007/s11852-010-0131-2
- 54Renfrew, C. 1972. The Emergence of Civilisation. The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C. London: Methuen.
- 55Richards-Risetto, H and Landau, K. 2014. Movement as a means of social (re)production: Using GIS to measure social integration across urban landscapes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 41: 365–375. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.08.006
- 56Roalkvam, I. 2023. A simulation-based assessment of the relation between Stone Age sites and relative sea-level change along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast. Quaternary Science Reviews, 299: 107880. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107880
- 57Rogers, SR, Collet, C and Lugon, R. 2017. Least cost path analysis for predicting glacial archaeological site potential in central Europe. In: Traviglia, A (ed.), Across Space and Time. Papers from the 41 st Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Amsterdam:
Amsterdam University Press , pp. 261–275 - 58Rosenswig, RM and Martínez Tuñón, A. 2020. Changing Olmec trade routes understood through least cost path analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science, 118: 105–146. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2020.105146
- 59Rutter, JB. 1993. Review of Aegean Prehistory II: The Prepalatial Bronze Age of the Southern and Central Greek Mainland. American Journal of Archaeology, 97(4): 745–797. DOI: 10.2307/506720
- 60Schofield, E. 1982. The Western Cyclades and Crete: A ‘Special Relationship’. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 1(1): 9–26. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0092.1982.tb00296.x
- 61Seifried, RM and Gardner, CAM. 2019. Reconstructing historical journeys with least-cost analysis: Colonel William Leake in the Mani Peninsula, Greece. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 24: 391–411. DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.01.014
- 62Souyoudzoglou-Haywood, C. 1999. The Ionian Islands in the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, 3000–800 BC. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
- 63Souyoudzoglou-Haywood, C. 2008.
Interpreting the Bronze Age landscape of Kephalonia. A view from the Livatho Valley Survey . In: Gallou, C, Georgiadis, M and Muskett, GM (eds.), Dioskouroi. Studies presented to W.G. Cavanagh and C.B. Mee on the anniversary of their 30-year joint contribution to Aegean Archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 237–251. DOI: 10.30861/9781407303697 - 64Stiros, SC and Blackman, DJ. 2013. Seismic coastal uplift and subsidence in Rhodes Island, Aegean Arc: Evidence from an uplifted ancient harbour. Technophysics, 611: 114–120. DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.11.020
- 65Surface-Evans, SL. 2012.
Cost Catchments: A Least Cost Application for Modeling Hunter-Gatherer Land Use . In: Surface-Evans, SL and White, DA (eds.), Least cost analysis of social landscapes: Archaeological case studies. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 128–154. DOI: 10.1353/book41407 - 66Taliaferro, MS, Schriever, BA and Shackley, MS. 2010. Obsidian procurement, least cost path analysis, and social interaction in the Mimbres area of southwestern New Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(3): 536–548. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.10.018
- 67Tobler, W. 1993. Three presentations on geographical analysis and modeling non-isotropic modeling speculations on the geometry of geography global spatial analysis. Santa Barbara: National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis.
- 68Verhagen, P, Nuninger, L and Groenhuijzen, MR. 2019.
Modelling of Pathways and Movement Networks in Archaeology: An Overview of Current Approaches . In: Verhagen, P, Joyce, J and Groenhuijzen, MR (eds.), Finding the Limits of the Limes: Modelling Demography, Economy and Transport on the Edge of the Roman Empire. Cham: Springer, pp. 217–250. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04576-0_11 - 69Vitale, S, Marketou, T, McNamee, C and Michailidou, M. 2021. The Kos Archaeological Survey Project and the site of Ayios Panteleimon in the northeast Koan region. ASAtene: Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente, 99(1): 108–142.
- 70Younger, JG and Rehak, P. 2008.
The Material Culture of Neopalatial Crete . In: Shelmerdine, CCW (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–164. DOI: 10.1017/CCOL9780521814447.007 - 71Westley, K, Nikolaus, J, Emrage, A, Flemming, N and Cooper, A. 2023. The impact of coastal erosion on the archaeology of the Cyrenaican coast of Eastern Libya. PLoS One, 18(4):
e0283703 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283703 - 72Wiener, MH. 2015.
The Mycenaean conquest of Minoan Crete . In Macdonald, CF, Hatzaki, E and Andreou, S (eds.), The Great Islands: Studies of Crete and Cyprus presented to Gerald Cadogan. Athens: Kapon Editions, pp. 131–142.
