Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Do Behavioral Observations Make People Catch the Goal? A Meta-Analysis on Goal Contagion Cover

Do Behavioral Observations Make People Catch the Goal? A Meta-Analysis on Goal Contagion

Open Access
|Jan 2021

References

  1. 1Aarts, H., Dijksterhuis, A., & Dik, G. (2008). Goal contagion: Inferring goals from other’s actions – And what it leads to. In J. Y. Shah & W. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp. 265280). New York: Guilford.
  2. 2*Aarts, H., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Hassin, R. R. (2004). Goal contagion: Perceiving is for pursuing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 2337. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.23
  3. 3Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Trötschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 10141027. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1014
  4. 4Becker, B. J. (2005). Failsafe N or file-drawer number. In H. R. Rothstein, A. J. Sutton, & M. Borenstein (Eds.), Publication bias in meta-analysis: Prevention, assessment and adjustments (pp. 111125). Chichester, UK: Wiley. DOI: 10.1002/0470870168.ch7
  5. 5Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 1(2), 97111. DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.12
  6. 6*Bouquet, C. A., Shipley, T. F., Capa, R. L., & Marshall, P. J. (2011). Motor contagion goal-directed actions are more contagious than non-goal-directed actions. Experimental Psychology, 58(1), 7178. DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000069
  7. 7*Brescoll, V. L., Uhlmann, E. L., & Newman, G. E. (2013). The effects of system-justifying motives on endorsement of essentialist explanations for gender differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 891908. DOI: 10.1037/a0034701
  8. 8*Brohmer, H., Corcoran, K., Kedia, G., Eckerstorfer, L. V., Fauler, A., & Floto, C. (2018). PREPRINT Inspired to lend a hand? Attempts to elicit prosocial behavior through goal contagion. DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/85wvp
  9. 9Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. SSSP Springer Series in Social Psychology. New York, NY: Springer New York. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5887-2
  10. 10Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2012). Cybernetic control processes and the self-regulation of behavior. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 2842). Oxford University Press, USA. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399820.013.0003
  11. 11Chambers, C. (2017). The seven deadly sins of psychology: A manifesto for reforming the culture of scientific practice. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=1431831. DOI: 10.1515/9781400884940
  12. 12Chambers, C. (2019). What’s next for Registered Reports? Nature, 573(7773), 187. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-02674-6
  13. 13Chartrand, T. L., & Lakin, J. L. (2013). The antecedents and consequences of human behavioral mimicry. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 285308. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143754
  14. 14*Chen, X., & Latham, G. P. (2014). The effect of priming learning vs. performance goals on a complex task. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 125(2), 8897. DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.06.004
  15. 15Coburn, K. M., & Vevea, J. L. (2019). Package ‘weightr’. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/weightr/weightr.pdf
  16. 16*Corcoran, K., Brohmer, H., Eckerstorfer, L. V., & Macher, S. (2018). When your goals inspire my goals: The role of effort, personal value, and inference in goal contagion. Stage 1 Registered Report. Retrieved from https://osf.io/8qtfk/
  17. 17Crede, M. (2019). A negative effect of a contractive pose is not evidence for the positive effect of an expansive pose: Comment on Cuddy, Schultz, and Fosse (2018). Meta- Psychology, 3, 15. DOI: 10.15626/MP.2019.1723
  18. 18Cuddy, A. J., Schultz, S. J., & Fosse, N. E. (2018). P-curving a more comprehensive body of research on postural feedback reveals clear evidential value for power-posing effects: Reply to Simmons and Simonsohn (2017). Psychological Science, 29(4), 656666. DOI: 10.1177/0956797617746749
  19. 19De Houwer, J., & Moors, A. (2010). Implicit measures: Similarities and differences. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 176193). New York, London: The Guilford Press.
  20. 20Del Re, A. C. (2015). Package ‘compute.es’. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/compute.es/compute.es.pdf
  21. 21*Dik, G., & Aarts, H. (2007). Behavioral cues to others’ motivation and goal pursuits: The perception of effort facilitates goal inference and contagion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(5), 727737. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.09.002
  22. 22Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455463. DOI: 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x
  23. 23Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629634. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
  24. 24*Fast, N. J., & Tiedens, L. Z. (2010). Blame contagion: The automatic transmission of self-serving attributions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 97106. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=psyc7&AN=2009-22616-005. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.007
  25. 25Fisher, Z., Tipton, E., & Zhipeng, H. (2017). Package ‘robumeta’. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/robumeta/robumeta.pdf
  26. 26Francis, G. (2012). Publication bias and the failure of replication in experimental psychology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19(6), 975991. DOI: 10.3758/s13423-012-0322-y
  27. 27Friese, M., Frankenbach, J., Job, V., & Loschelder, D. D. (2017). Does self-control training improve self-control? A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 12(6), 10771099. DOI: 10.1177/1745691617697076
  28. 28Giner-Sorolla, R. Powering Your Interaction. Retrieved from https://approachingblog.wordpress.com/2018/01/24/powering-your-interaction-2/* (Original work published 2018).
  29. 29Guest, O., & Martin, A. E. (2020). How computational modeling can force theory building in psychological science. Retrieved from PsyArXiv DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/rybh9
  30. 30*Hassin, R. R., Aarts, H., & Ferguson, M. J. (2005). Automatic goal inferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41(2), 129140. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2004.06.008
  31. 31Hassin, R. R., Bargh, J. A., & Uleman, J. S. (2002). Spontaneous causal inferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(5), 515522. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00016-1
  32. 32Hedges, L. V. (1981). Distribution theory for Glass’s estimator of effect size and related estimators. Journal of Educational Statistics, 6(2), 107128. DOI: 10.2307/1164588
  33. 33*Jia, L., Koh, A. H. Q., & Tan, F. M.’e. (2018). Asymmetric goal contagion: Social power attenuates goal contagion among strangers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(5), 673686. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2360
  34. 34*Jia, L., Tong, E. M. W., & Lee, L. N. (2014). Psychological “gel” to bind individuals’ goal pursuit: Gratitude facilitates goal contagion. Emotion, 14, 748760. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D= psyc11&AN=2014-14284-001. DOI: 10.1037/a0036407
  35. 35Jolly, R. (1976). The World Employment Conference: The Enthronement of Basic Needs. Development Policy Review, A9(2), 3144. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7679.1976.tb00338.x
  36. 36Kruglanski, A., & Kopetz, C. (2009). What is so special (and nonspecial) about goals? A view from the cognitive perspective. In G. B. Moskowitz (Eds.), The psychology of goals (pp. 2755). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
  37. 37Kühberger, A., Fritz, A., & Scherndl, T. (2014). Publication bias in psychology: A diagnosis based on the correlation between effect size and sample size. PLoS ONE, 9(9), e105825. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105825
  38. 38Lane, D. M., & Dunlap, W. P. (1978). Estimating effect size: Bias resulting from the significance criterion in editorial decisions. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 31, 107112. DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1978.tb00578.x
  39. 39*Latham, G. P., Brcic, J., & Steinhauer, A. (2017). Toward an integration of goal setting theory and the automaticity model. Applied Psychology, 66(1), 2548. DOI: 10.1111/apps.12087
  40. 40*Latham, G. P., & Piccolo, R. F. (2012). The effect of context-specific versus nonspecific subconscious goals on employee performance. Human Resource Management, 51(4), 511523. DOI: 10.1002/hrm.21486
  41. 41Laurin, K. (2016). Interpersonal influences on goals: Current and future directions for goal contagion research. DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12289
  42. 42*Laurin, K., Fitzsimons, G. M., Finkel, E. J., Carswell, K. L., van Dellen, M. R., Hofmann, W., … Brown, P. C. (2016). Power and the pursuit of a partner’s goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110, 840868. DOI: 10.1037/pspi0000048
  43. 43*Leander, N. P., & Shah, J. Y. (2013). For whom the goals loom: Context-driven goal contagion. Social Cognition, 31, 187200. DOI: 10.1521/soco.2013.31.2.187
  44. 44*Leander, N. P., Shah, J. Y., & Chartrand, T. L. (2011). The object of my protection: Shielding fundamental motives from the implicit motivational influence of others. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 10781087. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.016
  45. 45*Leander, N. P., Van Dellen, M. R., Rachl-Willberger, J., Shah, J. Y., Fitzsimons, G. J., & Chartrand, T. L. (2016). Is freedom contagious? A self-regulatory model of reactance and sensitivity to deviant peers. Motivation Science, 2(4), 256267. DOI: 10.1037/mot0000042
  46. 46*Lee, T. K., & Shapiro, M. A. (2015). Effects of a story character’s goal achievement: Modeling a story character’s diet behaviors and activating/deactivating a character’s diet goal. Communication Research. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1177/0093650215608236
  47. 47*Loersch, C., Aarts, H., Keith Payne, B., & Jefferis, V. E. (2008). The influence of social groups on goal contagion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(6), 15551558. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.009
  48. 48Maassen, E., Olsson-Collentine, A. O., Wicherts, J., van Assen, M. A. L. M., & Nuijten, M. B. (2019, March). Investigating the Reproducibility of Psychological Meta-Analyses. International Convention of Psychological Science, Paris, F. Retrieved from osf.io/7nsmd/
  49. 49Magnussen, K. (2020). Interpreting Cohen’s d Effect Size. Teaching tool retrieved from https://rpsychologist.com/d3/cohend/
  50. 50Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370396. DOI: 10.1037/h0054346
  51. 51*McCulloch, K. C., Fitzsimons, G. M., Chua, S. N., & Albarracín, D. (2011). Vicarious goal satiation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(3), 685688. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.019
  52. 52Morgenroth, T., Ryan, M. K., & Peters, K. (2015). The motivational theory of role modeling: How role models influence role aspirants’ goals. Review of General Psychology, 19(4), 465483. DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000059
  53. 53Moskowitz, G. B., & Gesundheit, Y. (2009). Goal Priming. In G. B. Moskowitz & H. Grant (Eds.), The Psychology of Goals (pp. 203233). New York, London: Guilford Press.
  54. 54O’Donnell, M., Nelson, L. D., Ackermann, E., Aczel, B., Akhtar, A., Aldrovandi, S., … Zrubka, M. (2018). Registered Replication Report: Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998). Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 13(2), 268294. DOI: 10.1177/1745691618755704
  55. 55Orwin, R. G. (1983). A fail-safe for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8(2), 157159. DOI: 10.3102/10769986008002157
  56. 56*Palomares, N. A. (2013). When and how goals are contagious in social interaction. Human Communication Research, 39(1), 74100. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01439.x
  57. 57Rohrer, J. M. (2018). Thinking clearly about correlations and causation: Graphical causal models for observational data. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(1), 2742. DOI: 10.1177/2515245917745629
  58. 58Schimmack, U., & Brunner, J. (2017). Z-curve. A method for the estimating replicability based on test statistics in original studies. Preprint retrieved from the OSF. DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/wr93f
  59. 59Schimmack, U., & Brunner, J. (2019). Estimating Replicability with Z-Curve. Retrieved from https://zcurve.shinyapps.io/zcurve19/
  60. 60Shah, J. Y., Kruglanski, A. W., & Friedman, R. (2003). Goal systems theory: Integrating the cognitive and motivational aspects of self-regulation. In S. J. Spencer, S. Fein, M. P. Zanna, & J. M. Olson (Eds.). Motivated social perception: The Ontario symposium, 9, 247275. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  61. 61*Shantz, A., & Latham, G. P. (2009). An exploratory field experiment of the effect of subconscious and conscious goals on employee performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(1), 917. DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.01.001
  62. 62*Shantz, A., & Latham, G. (2011). The effect of primed goals on employee performance: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management, 50(2), 289299. DOI: 10.1002/hrm.20418
  63. 63Simmons, J. P., & Simonsohn, U. (2017). Power posing: P-curving the evidence. Psychological Science, 28(5), 687693. DOI: 10.1177/0956797616658563
  64. 64Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014). P-curve and effect size: Correcting for publication bias using only significant results. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 9(6), 666681. DOI: 10.1177/1745691614553988
  65. 65Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2019). P-curve app. Retrieved from http://www.p-curve.com/app4/. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00974-w
  66. 66Simonsohn, U., Simmons, J., & Nelson, L. (2014). Trim-and-fill is full of it (bias). Retrived from https://datacolada.org/30
  67. 67Smaldino, P. (2019). Better methods can’t make up for mediocre theory. Nature, 575(7781), 9. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-03350-5
  68. 68Soetens, K. C., Vandelanotte, C., de Vries, H., & Mummery, K. W. (2014). Using online computer tailoring to promote physical activity: A randomized trial of text, video, and combined intervention delivery modes. Journal of Health Communication, 19(12), 13771392. DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2014.894597
  69. 69Stanley, T. D. (2008). Meta-regression methods for detecting and estimating empirical effects in the presence of publication selection. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 70(1), 103127. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00487.x
  70. 70Terrin, N., Schmid, C. H., Lau, J., & Olkin, I. (2003). Adjusting for publication bias in the presence of heterogeneity. Statistics in Medicine, 22(13), 21132126. DOI: 10.1002/sim.1461
  71. 71*Tobin, S. J., Greenaway, K. H., McCulloch, K. C., & Crittall, M. E. (2015). The role of motivation for rewards in vicarious goal satiation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 60, 137143. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.05.010
  72. 72Van Aert, R. C. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2018). Examining reproducibility in psychology: A hybrid method for combining a statistically significant original study and a replication. Behavior Research Methods, 50(4), 15151539. DOI: 10.3758/s13428-017-0967-6
  73. 73Van Aert, R. C. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2019). Correcting for publication bias in a meta-analysis with the p-uniform* method. Manuscript submitted for publication. Retrieved from https://osf.io/preprints/bitss/zqjr9
  74. 74Van Aert, R. C. M., Wicherts, J. M., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2016). Conducting meta- analyses based on p values: Reservations and recommendations for applying p-uniform and p-curve. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 11(5), 713729. DOI: 10.1177/1745691616650874
  75. 75Van Assen, M. A. L. M., van Aert, R. C. M., & Wicherts, J. M. (2015). Meta-analysis using effect size distributions of only statistically significant studies. Psychological Methods, 20(3), 293309. DOI: 10.1037/met0000025
  76. 76*Van der Weiden, A., Veling, H., & Aarts, H. (2010). When observing gaze shifts of others enhances object desirability. Emotion, 10(6), 939943. DOI: 10.1037/a0020501
  77. 77Vevea, J. L., & Hedges, L. V. (1995). A general linear model for estimating effect size in the presence of publication bias. Psychometrika, 60(3), 419435. DOI: 10.1007/BF02294384
  78. 78Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 148. DOI: 10.18637/jss.v036.i03
  79. 79Viechtbauer, W. (2017). Package ‘metafor’. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/metafor/metafor.pdf
  80. 80Walthouwer, M. J. L., Oenema, A., Lechner, L., & de Vries, H. (2015). Comparing a video and text version of a web-based computer-tailored intervention for obesity prevention: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(10), e236. DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4083
  81. 81Weingarten, E., Chen, Q., McAdams, M., Yi, J., Hepler, J., & Albarracín, D. (2016). From primed concepts to action: A meta-analysis of the behavioral effects of incidentally presented words. Psychological Bulletin, 142(5), 472497. DOI: 10.1037/bul0000030
  82. 82*Wessler, J., & Hansen, J. (2016). The effect of psychological distance on automatic goal contagion. Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology, 1(1–3), 5185. DOI: 10.1080/23743603.2017.1288877
  83. 83Wickham, H. (2019). Package ‘ggplot2’. Retrived from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggplot2/ggplot2.pdf
  84. 84*Zhou, S., Shapiro, M. A., & Wansink, B. (2017). The audience eats more if a movie character keeps eating: An unconscious mechanism for media influence on eating behaviors. Appetite, 108, 407415. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.028
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.428 | Journal eISSN: 2397-8570
Language: English
Submitted on: Apr 4, 2020
Accepted on: Nov 24, 2020
Published on: Jan 22, 2021
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2021 Hilmar Brohmer, Lisa V. Eckerstorfer, Robbie C. M. van Aert, Katja Corcoran, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.