Figure 1
The phases of the generic blueprint for user-centred and participatory design processes.
Table 1
Applicability of methods for the different phases.
| COGNITIVE WALKTHROUGH | DESK RESEARCH | DIRECT OBSERVATIONS | EXPERT PANELS | FIELD INTERVIEWS | FIELD STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | HEURISTIC EVALUATIONS | IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS | PAPER PROTOTYPING | PERSONAS | PROTOTYPING | QUANTITATIVE SURVEYS | QUANTITATIVE SURVEYS [USABILITY QUESTIONNAIRES] | SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS | SEVERITY RANKING | APPLICATION SKETCHING | THINK ALOUD STUDIES | USE CASES | USER PROFILES | WORKSHOPS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0: State of the art research | x | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1: Requirement analysis | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||
| 2: Conceptual prototype | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||||||||||
| 3: Preliminary prototype | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||
| 4: Full prototype | x | x | x | x | |||||||||||||||||
| 5: Full application | x | x | x | x |
Figure 2
Functionalities of Kir’App.
Figure 3
Start screen of the web application for suggesting need-based assistance systems inviting users to find the right solution for their Health Smart Home. In the lower part, information on health samrt homes can be procurred and different options for interacting with the system are offered.
Figure 4
Screen for starting with a pre-defined patient profile. Profiles to be chosen are dementia, diabtes geriatrics/multi-morbidity, stroke, and free selection of symptoms.
Figure 5
The suggested assistance concepts of the consultation web app are ranked according to their usefulness for the chosen profile.
Figure 6
At the end, assistance products are proposed for each suggested assistance concept.
Appendix 1
Allocation of Phases, suggested methods and the corresponding research items.
| PHASE | SUGGESTED NAME OF PHASE/OBJECTIVE | SUITABLE METHODS OR INSTRUMENTS |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | State of the art research, including theoretical foundations for user acceptance [35, 44] | Desk research |
| 1 | Analysing the user requirements [8, 32, 35, 37, 38, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91] and the context of use [92, 93] | Direct observations [32, 89] Use cases [20, 35, 38] Expert panels of patients and health care providers [90] Workshops with patients [93] Semi-structured and field interviews with patients [35, 37, 38, 88, 89, 90], their relatives, health care providers [32, 35, 37, 38] and hospital managers [37] Quantitative surveys with patients [20, 91] Focus groups with patients [32, 38, 87] and health care providers [87, 88, 93] Personas and user profiles of patients [20, 32, 35, 86] and health care providers [35, 86] Field studies [32, 88] |
| 2 | Concept development [38] and deduction of characteristics of the prototype [37, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92] based on an in-depth understanding of the user requirements [8, 32, 35, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93] and context of use [8, 90] | Use cases [38] Focus groups with patients [38] and health care providers [37] Semi-structured interviews with patients [38, 88] and health care providers [38] Paper Prototyping or Sketching of the intended applications [20, 35, 88, 90] Personas of patients [90] Prototyping [32, 35, 86, 87, 88, 89] |
| 3 | Development [8, 32, 35, 38, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93] and adaption [32, 86, 87] of the prototype based on a first evaluation [8, 20, 35, 37, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92] of its usability in controlled environments | Cognitive walkthrough with health care providers [20] Heuristic evaluation with non-users [20, 93] Think aloud studies with health care providers [20, 88, 92], patients [88, 92, 93] and their relatives [89] Interview [87, 89, 90] Quantitative surveys with patients [20, 37, 88, 90, 91, 93] and health care providers [20, 87, 88], using usability questionnaires |
| 4 | Evaluating [8, 32, 37, 38, 86, 89, 93] and adapting [37, 91, 93] the application in terms of usability and user acceptance under real-life conditions | Field studies [88] Focus groups with health care providers [37] Quantitative surveys with patients [20, 37, 88, 90, 91, 93] and health care providers [20, 88], using usability questionnaires |
| 5 | Implementation [32, 35, 37, 91, 92] of the full-scale application and long-term evaluation [35, 37, 90, 93] | Semi-structured interview with patients [38, 92] and health care providers [92] |