References
- 1Andrews, T., Elizalde, B., Le Billon, P., Oh, C. H., Reyes, D., & Thomson, I. (2017).
The rise in conflict associated with mining operations: What lies beneath . Canadian International Resources and Development Institute (CIRDI). Washington, DC, USA (pp. 1–127). - 2Andriani, L., & Sabatini, F. (2015). Trust and prosocial behaviour in a process of state capacity building: The case of the Palestinian territories. Journal of Institutional Economics, 11(4), 823–846. DOI: 10.1017/S1744137414000575
- 3Aoki, M. (2001).
Toward a comparative institutional analysis . Cambridge: MIT Press. DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/6867.001.0001 - 4Aoki, M. (2007). Endogenizing institutions and institutional changes. Journal of Institutional Economics, 3(1), 1–31. DOI: 10.1017/S1744137406000531
- 5Asian Development Bank. (2019). Basic Statistics 2019. Manila, Philippines.
- 6Avcı, D. (2017). Mining conflicts and transformative politics: A comparison of Intag (Ecuador) and Mount Ida (Turkey) environmental struggles. Geoforum, 84, 316–325. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.07.013
- 7Avcı, D., Adaman, F., & Özkaynak, B. (2010). Valuation languages in environmental conflicts: How stakeholders oppose or support gold mining at Mount Ida, Turkey. Ecological Economics, 70(2), 228–238. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.05.009
- 8Bakker, K., & Bridge, G. (2006). Material worlds? Resource geographies and the ‘matter of nature’. Progress in Human Geography, 30(1), 5–27. DOI: 10.1191/0309132506ph588oa
- 9Bebbington, A. J., & Bury, J. T. (2009). Institutional challenges for mining and sustainability in Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(41), 17296–17301. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906057106
- 10Bebbington, A., Abdulai, A.-G., Bebbington, D. H., Hinfelaar, M., & Sanborn, C. (2018). Governing Extractive Industries: Politics, Histories, Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198820932.001.0001
- 11Bebbington, A., Bebbington, D. H., Bury, J., Lingan, J., Muñoz, J. P., & Scurrah, M. (2008b). Mining and Social Movements: Struggles Over Livelihood and Rural Territorial Development in the Andes. World Development, 36(12), 2888–2905. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.11.016
- 12Bebbington, A., Hinojosa, L., Bebbington, D. H., Burneo, M. L., & Warnaars, X. (2008a). Contention and Ambiguity: Mining and the Possibilities of Development. Development and Change, 39(6), 887–914. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2008.00517.x
- 13Beckmann, V. (2002). Transaction Cost and Environmental Economics: Towards a New Approach. Institutional Analysis and Development Mini-Conference and TransCoop Meeting,
10 December ,Indiana University , Bloomington, December 2002. - 14Bogdetsky, V., & Novikov, V. (2012).
Mining, Development and Environment in Central Asia: Toolkit Companion with Case Studies . Joensuu, Finland: Zoï Environment Network, University of Eastern Finland, Gaia Group Oy. - 15Bridge, G. (2004a). Mapping the Bonanza: Geographies of Mining Investment in an Era of Neoliberal Reform. The Professional Geographer, 56(3), 406–421. DOI: 10.1111/j.0033-0124.2004.05603009.x
- 16Bridge, G. (2004b). Contested Terrain: Mining and the Environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 29(1), 205–259. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.28.011503.163434
- 17Brousseau, E., Garrouste, P., & Raynaud, E. (2011). Institutional changes: Alternative theories and consequences for institutional design. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 79(1–2), 3–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2011.01.024
- 18Carvalho, F. P. (2017). Mining industry and sustainable development: time for change. Food and Energy Security, 6(2), 61–77. DOI: 10.1002/fes3.109
- 19Coggan, A., Buitelaar, E., Whitten, S., & Bennett, J. (2013). Factors that influence transaction costs in development offsets: Who bears what and why? Ecological Economics, 88, 222–231. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.12.007
- 20Commons, J. R. (1931). Institutional Economics. American Economic Review, 21(4), 648–657.
- 21Commons, J. R. (1932). The problem of correlating law, economics and ethics. Wisconsin Law Review, 8, 3–26.
- 22Conde, M. (2017). Resistance to Mining. A Review. Ecological Economics, 132, 80–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.08.025
- 23Conde, M., & Le Billon, P. (2017). Why do some communities resist mining projects while others do not? The Extractive Industries and Society, 4(3), 681–697. DOI: 10.1016/j.exis.2017.04.009
- 24Crawford, S. E. S., & Ostrom, E. (1995). A Grammar of Institutions. The American Political Science Review, 89(3), 582–600. DOI: 10.2307/2082975
- 25Denzau, A. T., & North, D. C. (1994). Shared Mental Models: Ideologies and Institutions. Kyklos, 47(1), 3–31. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1994.tb02246.x
- 26Doolot, A., & Heathershaw, J. (2015). State as resource, mediator and performer: understanding the local and global politics of gold mining in Kyrgyzstan. Central Asian Survey, 34(1), 93–109. DOI: 10.1080/02634937.2015.1010853
- 27Engvall, J. (2016). The state as investment market: Kyrgyzstan in comparative perspective. University of Pittsburgh Press. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt1f89t25
- 28Ernst & Young. (2018). Contribution of gold mining to the economy of the Kyrgyz Republic and the effects of fiscal initiatives. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: Ernst & Young.
- 29Escobar, A. (2006). Difference and Conflict in the Struggle Over Natural Resources: A political ecology framework. Development, 49(3), 6–13. DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.development.1100267
- 30Eurasia Foundation of Central Asia, and Kalikova & Associates. (2017). Guidebook for conflict management in mining industry of the Kyrgyz Republic. Bishkek.
- 31Falconer, K. (2002).
Developing cooperative approaches to agri-environmental policy: A transaction cost perspective on farmer participation in voluntary schemes . In Environmental Cooperation and Institutional Change: Theories and Policies for European Agriculture. New Horizons in Environmental Economics, K. Hagedorn (Ed.). Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. - 32Franks, D. M., Davis, R., Bebbington, A. J., Ali, S. H., Kemp, D., & Scurrah, M. (2014). Conflict translates environmental and social risk into business costs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(21), 7576. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405135111
- 33Garrick, D., & Aylward, B. (2012). Transaction costs and institutional performance in market-based environmental water allocation. Land Economics, 88(3), 536–560. DOI: 10.3368/le.88.3.536
- 34Garrick, D., Whitten, S. M., & Coggan, A. (2013). Understanding the evolution and performance of water markets and allocation policy: A transaction costs analysis framework. Ecological Economics, 88, 195–205. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.12.010
- 35Germany Trade & Invest. (2018).
Kirgisistan . In Wirtschaftsdaten Kompakt. Bonn, Germany. - 36Grävingholt, J., Doerr, B., Meissner, K., Pletziger, S., von Rümker, J., & Weikert, J. (2006).
Strengthening participation through decentralisation: Findings on local economic development in Kyrgyzstan . Bonn, Germany: Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik – German Development Institute. - 37Greif, A. (2006). Institutions and the path to the modern economy: lessons from medieval trade. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511791307
- 38Gullette, D. (2014). Conflict sensitivity in the mining sector of the Kyrgyz Republic. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: OSCE Academy.
- 39Gullette, D., & Kalybekova, A. (2014).
Agreement under pressure: gold mining and protests in the Kygryz Republic . Berlin, Germany: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. - 40Hagedorn, K. (2002).
Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Cooperatives: A Conceptional Framework . In Environmental Cooperation and Institutional Change: Theories and Policies for European Agriculture. New Horizons in Environmental Economics, K. Hagedorn (Ed.). Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. - 41Hagedorn, K. (2008). Particular requirements for institutional analysis in nature-related sectors. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 35(3), 357–384. DOI: 10.1093/erae/jbn019
- 42Hilson, G. (2002). An overview of land use conflicts in mining communities. Land Use Policy, 19(1), 65–73. DOI: 10.1016/S0264-8377(01)00043-6
- 43Hodgson, G. M. (2006). What Are Institutions? Journal of Economic Issues, 40(1), 1–25. DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2006.11506879
- 44Horrocks-Taylor, J. (2018). Dirty Water, Muddied Politics: Hybridisation of Local and National Opposition to Kumtor Mine, Kyrgyzstan. Land, 7(2), 1–18. DOI: 10.3390/land7020042
- 45Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development. (2018).
IGF Mining Policy Framework Assessment: Kyrgyzstan . Winnipeg: IISD. - 46International Council on Mining & Metals. (2018).
Mining Contribution Index . London, UK: ICMM. - 47Irwin, K. (2009). Prosocial behavior across cultures: The effects of institutional versus generalized trust. Altruism and Prosocial Behavior in Groups, 26, 165–198. DOI: 10.1108/S0882-6145(2009)0000026010
- 48Knight, J. (1992). Institutions and social conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511528170
- 49Kumtor Gold Company. (2019a). Kumtor Gold Company basic indicators. Accessed 14.06.2019.
https://www.kumtor.kg/en/infographic/ - 50Kumtor Gold Company. (2019b). Contribution to the economy. Accessed 14.06.2019.
https://www.kumtor.kg/en/media-relations/contribution-to-the-kyrgyz-economy/ - 51Kyrgyz Republic. (2016).
Third National Communication of the Kyrgyz Republic under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic. - 52Kyrgyz Republic. (2018).
Subsoil Law of the Kyrgyz Republic . Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic. - 53Lee, G., & Styers, F. (2012).
Extracting sentiments: The Effect of Mining Exploration and Extraction on Eight Communities in the Kyrgyz Republic . Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. - 54Martinez-Alier, J. (2002). The environmentalism of the poor: A study of ecological conflicts and valuation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- 55Martinez-Alier, J., Kallis, G., Veuthey, S., Walter, M., & Temper, L. (2010). Social Metabolism, Ecological Distribution Conflicts, and Valuation Languages. Ecological Economics, 70(2), 153–158. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.09.024
- 56Martsynkavych, V., & National Ecological Centre of Ukraine (NECU). (2013).
Kyrgyzstan and the conflict over natural resources . Prague, Czech Republic: CEE Bankwatch Network. - 57McCann, L. (2013). Transaction costs and environmental policy design. Ecological Economics, 88, 253–262. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.12.012
- 58Mining Minerals and Sustainable Development Project. (2002). Breaking new ground: mining, minerals, and sustainable development: The report of the MMSD project. Routledge.
- 59National Institute of Strategic Studies of Kyrgyz Republic (NISS). (2013).
Factors behind negative attitudes of the local communities towards investors, workers of the mining site, interactions between subsoil-users and local community . Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. - 60North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511808678
- 61North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97–112. DOI: 10.1257/jep.5.1.97
- 62North, D. C. (2005). Understanding the process of economic change. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press.
- 63Nuijten, M. C. M. (2005). Power in practice: a force field approach to power in natural resource management. Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies, 4(2), 3–14.
- 64Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action, Political economy of institutions and decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511807763
- 65Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton, NJ; Woodstock: Princeton University Press.
- 66Ostrom, E., Gardner, R., & Walker, J. (1994). Rules, games, and common-pool resources. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. DOI: 10.3998/mpub.9739
- 67Poteete, A. R., Janssen, M. A., & Ostrom, E. (2010). Working together: Collective action, the commons, and multiple methods in practice, Working Together: Collective Action, the Commons, and Multiple Methods in Practice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. DOI: 10.1515/9781400835157
- 68Sairinen, R., Rinne, P., Halonen, M., Simonett, O., & Stuhlberger, C. (2012). Responsible mining: A toolkit for the prevention and mediation of conflicts in the development of the mining sector. University of Eastern Finland, Gaia Group Oy and Zoï Environment Network.
- 69Schaffartzik, A., Mayer, A., Eisenmenger, N., & Krausmann, F. (2016). Global patterns of metal extractivism, 1950–2010: Providing the bones for the industrial society‘s skeleton. Ecological Economics, 122, 101–110. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.12.007
- 70Schlüter, A., & Theesfeld, I. (2010). The grammar of institutions: The challenge of distinguishing between strategies, norms, and rules. Rationality and Society, 22(4), 445–475. DOI: 10.1177/1043463110377299
- 71Searle, J. R. (2005). What is an institution? Journal of Institutional Economics, 1(1), 1–22. DOI: 10.1017/S1744137405000020
- 72Sonter, L. J., Ali Saleem, H., & James, E. M. W. (2018). Mining and biodiversity: key issues and research needs in conservation science. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1892), 20181926. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1926
- 73Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S. R., de Vries, W., de Wit, C. A., Folke, C., Gerten, D., Heinke, J., Mace, G. M., Persson, L. M., Ramanathan, V., Reyers, B., & Sörlin, S. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855. DOI: 10.1126/science.1259855
- 74Stevens, P., Kooroshy, J., Lahn, G., & Lee, B. (2013). Conflict and coexistence in the extractive industries. London: Chatham House Report.
- 75Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques. London: Sage Publications.
- 76Temper, L., Del Bene, D., & Martinez-Alier, J. (2015). Mapping the frontiers and front lines of global environmental justice: The EJAtlas. Journal of Political Ecology, 22, 255–278. DOI: 10.2458/v22i1.21108
- 77Theesfeld, I. (2004). Constraints on Collective Action in a Transitional Economy: The Case of Bulgaria’s Irrigation Sector. World Development, 32(2), 251–271. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.11.001
- 78The Fund for Peace. (2019). Fragile States Index 2019. Washington, DC: The Fund for Peace.
- 79Thiel, A., Schleyer, C., Hinkel, J., Schlüter, M., Hagedorn, K., Bisaro, S., Bobojonov, I., & Hamidov, A. (2016). Transferring Williamson’s discriminating alignment to the analysis of environmental governance of social-ecological interdependence. Ecological Economics, 128, 159–168. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.04.018
- 80Tiainen, H., Sairinen, R., & Novikov, V. (2014). Mining in the Chatkal Valley in Kyrgyzstan—Challenge of social sustainability. Resources Policy, 39, 80–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.11.005
- 81Trading Economics. (2019). Kyrgyzstan GDP. Trading Economics. Accessed 14.06.2019.
https://tradingeconomics.com/kyrgyzstan/gdp - 82Transparency International. (2019).
Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 . Berlin: Transparency International. - 83United Nations Statistics Division. (2019). Statistical Yearbook: Population in the capital city, urban and rural areas. United Nations Statistics Division.
- 84Urkidi, L. (2010). A glocal environmental movement against gold mining: Pascua–Lama in Chile. Ecological Economics, 70(2), 219–227. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.05.004
- 85Walter, M., & Urkidi, L. (2017). Community mining consultations in Latin America (2002–2012): The contested emergence of a hybrid institution for participation. Geoforum, 84, 265–279. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.09.007
- 86Watkins, C., & Westphal, L. M. (2015). People Don’t Talk in Institutional Statements: A Methodological Case Study of the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework. Policy Studies Journal, 44(1), 98–122. DOI: 10.1111/psj.12139
- 87Williamson, O. E. (1985). The economic institutions of capitalism: firms, markets, relational contracting. New York: Free Press.
- 88Williamson, O. E. (1999). Public and private bureaucracies: A transaction cost economics perspective. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, 15(1), 306–342. DOI: 10.1093/jleo/15.1.306
