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Environmental Movements in Turkey from the Perspective of Commons Cover

Environmental Movements in Turkey from the Perspective of Commons

International Journal of the Commons
Volume 15 (2021): Issue 1
By: Dalya Hazar Kalonya  
Open Access
|Jun 2021

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Types of the Commons (adapted from Ostrom, 2010; Hazar and Velibeyoglu, 2019).

COMMONSRURAL COMMONSURBAN COMMONS
TANGIBLEINTANGIBLETANGIBLEINTANGIBLE
Natural/EcologicalSeed, pasture, forest, river, sea, ocean, natural assets–Waterfront, river, urban park, market gardens, natural assets–
Artificial/Man-madeVillage square, village fountain, agricultural land, cemeteryTradition, apparel, dance, folk music, talesStreet, square, public transport, cemetery, public library, public goodsEtiquette, fashion, technology, big data, open-access resources
Table 2

Timeline of Environmental Paradigms (developed from Hazar, 2020).

YEARSPERIODEVENTS
1950–1960Effects of War

  • – DDT poison andpesticides after the WW2

  • – Test of nuclear weapons and nuclearpower plants

  • – Environmental united peace activists in USA, western Europeand Japan

1960–1970Birth of Environmentalism

  • – 1962 Rachel Carson’s book: Silent Spring, DDT pesticides

  • – 1968 Paul Ehrlich’s book: The Population Boom, negative effects of the population on ecology

  • – Environmentalist groups against industry in Japan

  • – Green Parties in Europe

1970–19801973 Oil Crisis, (OPEC), Energy Supply, Grassroots Movements

  • – End ofVietnam War, student and environmental movements in Europe

  • – Green Partiesin Europe and Australia

  • – 1970 Chipko Movement in India

  • – 1971Greenpeace establishment

  • – 1972 Stockholm Conference: United Nations Environmental Program

  • – 1972Roma Club: Limits to Growth, resource pessimists

  • – 1973 Schumacher’sbook: Small is Beautiful, shrinking in economy by clever useof nature

  • – 1977 Green Belt Movement in Kenya

  • – 1978 BillMollison & David Holmgren’s book: Permaculture One

  • – 1979 Anti-nuclearmovements

1980–1990Ozone Hole, Health Issues, Sustainability

  • – 1982 IUCN world nature restriction document

  • – 1985 Ozone hole

  • – 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (Ukraine)

  • – 1987 Brundtland Commission, Our Common Future Report: Sustainable development concept

  • – Anti-racism movements in USA

1990–2000Sustainability, Sustainable Development

  • – 1991Ecovillages movement

  • – 1992 Rio De Janeiro, World Summit: climate change, biodiversity, rain forests, Agenda 21

  • – 1996 UNCHS Habitat II Conferencein Istanbul: sustainability concept, livability, survival, equity

  • – 1997 Kyoto Protocolon climate change

  • – Anti-racism movements, NIMBY policies to therural people, industrial workers, Indians and blacks in the 3rdworld

2000–2010Climate Change, Loss of Biodiversity

  • – 2002 Johannesburg Summit

  • – Global environmental issues: water, energy, health, agricultural productivity, biodiversity protection and ecosystem management

2010–2020Information Technologies, Climate Change, COVID-19, Resilience, Commons

  • – Triple bottom line of sustainability

  • – Climate strike

  • – Food safety (e.g., GMO)

  • – Vegan movement

  • – Resilient cities, healthy cities, post-pandemic urbanism, commons

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Figure 1

Methodological Diagram.

ijc-15-1-1088-g2.png
Figure 2

The subjects of environmental movements, 2009–2019.

Table 3

Environmental movements of Turkey in 2009–2019.

YEARTOP 5 SUBJECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTSNUM.TOP 5 CITIES
2009Climate change, TPP, environmental destruction, HPP, NPP37Istanbul, Izmir, Ankara, Mugla, Erzurum
2010HPP, environmental pollution, environmental destruction, climate change, NPP56Istanbul, Izmir, Mugla, Ankara, Bursa
2011Environmental destruction, HPP, NPP, environmental pollution, TPP60Izmir, Ankara, Istanbul, Mugla, Sinop
2012Environmental pollution, HPP, TPP, environmental destruction, quarry41Istanbul, Izmir, Mugla, Ankara, Kocaeli
2013Environmental destruction, HPP, environmental pollution, TPP, quarry91Istanbul, Antalya, Izmir, Ankara, Mugla
2014Environmental destruction, HPP, NPP, environmental pollution, quarry78Antalya, Mugla, Istanbul, Izmir, Ankara
2015Environmental destruction, environmental pollution, TPP, quarry, HPP97Izmir, Mugla, Istanbul, Kocaeli, Mersin
2016Mine, environmental destruction, TPP, environmental pollution, quarry67Izmir, Mugla, Antalya, Aydin, Artvin
2017Environmental destruction, quarry, mine, environmental pollution, animal rights55Izmir, Mugla, Antalya, Artvin, Istanbul
2018Environmental pollution, environmental destruction, GPP, mine, HPP49Aydin, Izmir, Balikesir, Bursa, Kocaeli
2019Mine, climate change, environmental destruction, quarry, environmental pollution69Canakkale, Izmir, Manisa, Istanbul, Mugla
TotalEnvironmental destruction, environmental pollution, HPP, quarry, TPP700Izmir, Istanbul, Mugla, Antalya, Ankara
ijc-15-1-1088-g3.png
Figure 3

The trend of environmental movements, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g4.png
Figure 4

Environmental movements in Turkey, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g5.png
Figure 5

Environmental movements in Turkey, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g6.png
Figure 6

Environmental movements in Turkey, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g7.png
Figure 7

Turkey environmental movements dot density analysis, 2009–2019.

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Figure 8

Turkey environmental movements density analysis, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g9.png
Figure 9

The subjects of environmental movements dot density analysis, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g10.png
Figure 10

The subjects of environmental movements chart analysis, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g11.png
Figure 11

Environmental destruction density analysis, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g12.png
Figure 12

Environmental pollution density analysis, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g13.png
Figure 13

Hydroelectric powerplant density analysis, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g14.png
Figure 14

Quarry density analysis, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g15.png
Figure 15

Thermal powerplant density analysis, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g16.png
Figure 16

The subjects of environmental movements by NGOs, 2009–2019.

ijc-15-1-1088-g17.png
Figure 17

The types of environmental movements by NGOs, 2009–2019.

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Figure 18

The achievement of the environmental movements.

Table 4

Scoring of two scenarios on the commons in Turkey.

SPATIALECONOMICALECOLOGICALSOCIALPOLITICAL
Scenario 1S1. Long-term plan (1)
S2. Public spaces (1)
S3. Common spaces (1)
S4. Nature as threshold for development (-1)
S5. Common property (1)		E1. Sustainable livelihoods (1)
E2. Local sustainable development (1)
E3. Agriculture (1)
E4. Energy (-1)
E5. Tourism (-1)
E6. Agrotourism (1)
E7. Ecotourism (1)
E8. Rural producers (1)
E9. Industry (-1)
E10. Underground resources (-1)
E11. Big data (1)		EC1. Natural resources (1)
EC2. Endemic species (1)
EC3. Biodiversity (1)
EC4. CO2 absorption (1)
EC5. Climate (1)
EC6. Resilience (1)
EC7. Food sovereignty (1)		SO1. Collective action (1)
SO2. Cooperatives (1)
SO3. Diverse stakeholders (1)
SO4. Public awareness (1)
SO5. Public interest (1)
SO6. Indigenous knowledge (1)
SO7. Scientific knowledge (0)		P1. Benevolent governments (0)
P2. Commoning practices (1)
P3. Common management (1)
P4. Transparent and bottom-up decision making (1)
P5. EIA reporting (0)
P6. Lawsuits (0)
P7. Coordinated institutions (1)
P8. Agricultural policies (1)
Total3376524
Scenario 2S2. Public spaces (-1)
S6. Short-term planning (-1)
S7. Locational choice (-1)
S8. Urban sprawl (-1)
S9. New development areas (1)
S10. Private property (-1)
S11. Land occupation (-1)		E3. Agriculture (-1)
E4. Energy (1)
E5. Tourism (1)
E9. Industry (1)
E10. Underground resources (1)
E12. New employment areas (1)
E13. Rural poverty (-1)
E14. Foreign investments (1)		EC1. Natural resources (-1)
EC2. Endemic species (-1)
EC3. Biodiversity (-1)
EC4. CO2 absorption (-1)
EC5. Climate (-1)
EC8. Environ. pollution (-1)
EC9. Environ. destruction (-1)
EC10. Food insecurity (-1)		SO5. Public interest (-1)
SO6. Indigenous knowledge (-1)
SO7. Scientific knowledge (0)
SO8. Resistances (0)
SO9. Rural-urban migration (-1)
SO10. Rural gentrification (-1)
SO11. Urbanized lifestyles (0)
SO12. Privileged stakeholders (-1)		P5. EIA reporting processes (0)
P6. Lawsuits (0)
P7. Coordination among institutions (-1)
P8. Agricultural policies (-1)
P9. Legislations on behalf of the privileged (-1)
P10. Top-down decision-making (-1)
Total–54–8–5–4-18
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.1088 | Journal eISSN: 1875-0281
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Language: English
Submitted on: Nov 11, 2020
Accepted on: Apr 25, 2021
Published on: Jun 18, 2021
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Grassroots movements,
environmental movements,
commons,
commoning,
GIS,
Turkey

© 2021 Dalya Hazar Kalonya, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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