Table 1
Registration dates of GIs at origin and in the EU.
| Café de Colombia | Kafae Doi Tung | Kafae Doi Chaang | Gayo Arabika Kopi | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GI registration in origin country | Denominación de Origen Café de Colombia in 2005 | กาแฟดอยตุง (Kafae Doi Tung) in 2006 กาแฟดอยช้าง (Kafae Doi Chaang) in 2007 | Indikasi Geografis Kopi Arabika Gayo in 2010 | |
| PGI registration in the EU | 2007 | 2015 | 2017 | |
[i] Source: Based on EC 2019.
Table 2
Source of data collection.
| Café de Colombia | Kafae Doi Tung | Kafae Doi Chaang | Gayo Arabika Kopi | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Affiliation and number of interviewees | coffee producers (9), cooperatives (5), other buying points (1), municipal/state communities (7), Federation (5), Cenicafé (2), Quality control (4), Experts (3) | coffee producers (8), Kafae Doi Tung (7), | coffee producers (10), other buying points (3), other coffee processors (3), | coffee producers (6), cooperatives (26), village collectors (2), trader (1), certification body (2), Governmental agent (2), Experts (2) |
| Governmental agents (2) | ||||
| Experts (8) | ||||
[i] Source: Authors.
Table 3
Cross-case comparison.
| Café de Colombia: A producer-driven GI | Kafae Doi Tung: A foundation-driven GI | Kafae Doi Chaang: A company-driven GI | Kopi Arabika Gayo: A government-driven GI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Key actors involved | The Federation staff, on behalf of the producers, designed the Product Specification and the rules governing the GI use. Potential international buyers would become GI users upon compliance to GI rules, when importing either green or roasted coffee. | DTDP, under the lead of MFLF, incorporates the entire value chain. Minority groups produce and supply coffee to the roasting facility of DTDP which is then processed, marketed and distributed to retail stores. The GI is mainly used at the national level. | A private company manages the entire value chain through to marketing of “single-estate” coffee and managing or franchising coffee shops in Thailand and abroad. Associated and individual farmers produce and supply coffee to the company. | Influenced by government interventions, the MPKG attempts to coordinate local value chain actors. The MPKG defined the rules and the Product Specification to be followed by international buyers and other GI users. |
| GI management | Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia (FNC) | Mae Fah Luang Foundation under Royal Patronage (MFLF) | The Doi Chaang Coffee planters’ group | Gayo Coffee Protection Society (MPKG) |
| Scope of collective action of chains actors and related stakeholders | Mainly initiated by the Federation, supported by GI experts and lawyers. International buyers were then informed to become GI users. | Public and private interactions (e.g. the Ministry of Commerce, MFLF) to improve livelihoods of disadvantaged ethnic minorities in the project area. | Mainly company-driven interactions (e.g. strategic product differentiation) with public support aiming at facilitating intellectual property protection. | Initiated by international donors and regional government organizations in a public-private organizational form that largely acts on behalf of farmers. |
[i] Source: Authors.