Table 1
Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| Variables | CVD death = 0 | CVD death = 1 |
|---|---|---|
| N = 4189 | N = 101 | |
| n (%) | n (%) | |
| Age ± SD | 48.1 ± 12.2 | 64.0 ± 14.9 |
| Female | 1832 (43.7) | 55 (54.5) |
| Ideal blood cholesterol | 3246 (77.5) | 72 (71.3) |
| Normal weight (18.5 – 24.9 Kg/m2) | 2547 (60.8) | 59 (58.4) |
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 313 (7.5) | 12 (11.9) |
| Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 Kg/m2) | 931 (22.2) | 19 (18.8) |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 Kg/m2) | 398 (9.5) | 11 (10.9) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 317 (7.6) | 16 (15.9) |
| Hypertension | 1013 (24.2) | 55 (54.5) |
| Currently smoking | 515 (12.3) | 9 (8.9) |
| Insufficient physical activity | 724 (17.3) | 38 (37.6) |
| Primary school education and higher | 2375 (56.7) | 20 (19.8) |
| Unemployed | 441 (10.5) | 32 (31.7) |
| Informal employment | 3122 (74.5) | 66 (65.4) |
| Formal employment | 626 (14.9) | 3 (3.0) |
[i] Key: CVD death = 0: did not die from a CVD/alive; CVD death = 1: died from a CVD; diabetes mellitus: previous diagnosis by health care professional and currently or previously on medication, random plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L or fasting plasma glucose 7.0 mmol/L; hypertension: previous diagnosis by healthcare professional and currently or previously on medication, systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90mmHg; insufficient physical activity: based on self-report of less than 150 minutes/week moderate and 75 minutes/week vigorous intensive activities.
Table 2
Determinants of mortality from cardiovascular diseases within 10 years of assessment of risk.
| Factor | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age | 1.11 (1.04–1.20) | 0.003 | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 0.006 |
| Male | 0.77 (0.49–1.20) | 0.245 | 0.97 (0.62–1.51) | 0.878 |
| Diabetes | 1.35 (0.77–2.35) | 0.290 | ||
| Hypertension | 2.09 (1.37–3.20) | 0.001 | 2.11 (1.43–3.32) | <0.001 |
| Underweight | 1.20 (0.63–2.27) | 0.580 | ||
| Overweight | 0.56 (0.33–0.96) | 0.034 | 0.59 (0.34–1.00) | 0.049 |
| Obesity | 0.70 (0.35–1.39) | 0.307 | ||
| High cholesterol | 1.17 (0.75–1.82) | 0.484 | ||
| Current smoking | 0.99 (0.48–2.05) | 0.986 | ||
| Insufficient physical activity | 1.36 (0.87–2.13) | 0.178 | 1.20 (0.75–1.90) | 0.452 |
| Primary school education and higher | 0.57 (0.33–0.99) | 0.045 | ||
| Informal employment | 0.63 (0.38–1.04) | 0.072 | ||
| Formal/salaried employment | 0.23 (0.07–0.80) | 0.021 | ||
Table 3
Sex and baseline factors significantly associated with CVD mortality in Nairobi’s slums.
| Factor | HR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) | 0.005 |
| Male | 0.94 (0.61–1.45) | 0.777 |
| Hypertension | 2.19 (1.44–3.33) | <0.001 |
| Overweight | 0.59 (0.35–1.00) | 0.051 |
| Primary school education and higher | 0.57 (0.33–0.99) | 0.044 |
| Informal employment | 0.60 (0.37–0.97) | 0.039 |
| Formal/salaried employment | 0.22 (0.06–0.75) | 0.015 |