Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login

References

  1. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:37203826. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191
  2. Rao SV, O’Donoghue ML, Ruel M, Rab T, Tamis-Holland JE, Alexander JH, et al. 2025 ACC/AHA/ACEP/NAEMSP/SCAI Guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2025;151:e771e862. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001309
  3. Vrints C, Andreotti F, Koskinas KC, Rossello X, Adamo M, Ainslie J, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:34153537. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae177
  4. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. Report of the Joint International Society and Federation of Cardiology/World Health Organization Task Force on Standardization of Clinical Nomenclature. Circulation. 1979;59:607609. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.59.3.607
  5. Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP. Myocardial infarction redefined—a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:959969. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00804-4
  6. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD; Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Universal definition of myocardial infarction: Kristian Thygesen, Joseph S. Alpert and Harvey D. White on behalf of the Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Redefinition of Myocardial Infarction. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:25252538. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm355
  7. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:15811598. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.001
  8. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018;138:e618e651. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000617
  9. Byrne R, Coughlan JJ, Rossello X, Ibanez B; Members of the Task Force for the 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Key priorities for the implementation of the 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in low-resource settings. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2025;11:766772. DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcae107
  10. Jennings RB, Ganote CE. Structural changes in myocardium during acute ischemia. Circ Res. 1974;35:156172. DOI: 10.1161/res.35.3_supplement.iii-156
  11. Rossello X, Lobo-Gonzalez M, Ibanez B. Editor’s choice- Pathophysiology and therapy of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion syndrome. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2019;8:443456. DOI: 10.1177/2048872619845283
  12. Fanaroff AC, Rymer JA, Goldstein SA, Simel DL, Newby LK. Does this patient with chest pain have acute coronary syndrome?: The rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA. 2015;314:19551965. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.12735
  13. Pasupathy S, Air T, Dreyer RP, Tavella R, Beltrame JF. Systematic review of patients presenting with suspected myocardial infarction and nonobstructive coronary arteries. Circulation. 2015;131:861870. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011201
  14. Shanmuganathan M, Nikolaidou C, Burrage MK, Borlotti A, Kotronias R, Scarsini R, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance before invasive coronary angiography in suspected non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2024;17:10441058. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.05.007
  15. Shah ASV, Sandoval Y, Noaman A, Sexter A, Vaswani A, Smith SW, et al. Patient selection for high sensitivity cardiac troponin testing and diagnosis of myocardial infarction: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017;359:j4788. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j4788
  16. Steiro OT, Langorgen J, Tjora HL, Bjorneklett RO, Skadberg O, Bonarjee VVS, et al. Prognostic significance of chronic myocardial injury diagnosed by three different cardiac troponin assays in patients admitted with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2024;62:729739. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0336
  17. Saeed N, Steiro OT, Langorgen J, Tjora HL, Bjorneklett RO, Skadberg O, et al. Diagnosing myocardial injury in an acute chest pain cohort; long-term prognostic implications of cardiac troponin T and I. Clin Chem. 2024;70:12411255. DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvae110
  18. DeFilippis AP, Chapman AR, Mills NL, de Lemos JA, Arbab-Zadeh A, Newby LK, et al. Assessment and treatment of patients with type 2 myocardial infarction and acute nonischemic myocardial injury. Circulation. 2019;140:166116678. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040631
  19. Landesberg G, Jaffe AS, Gilon D, Levin PD, Goodman S, Abu-Baih A, et al. Troponin elevation in severe sepsis and septic shock: the role of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and right ventricular dilatation. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:790800. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000107
  20. Singh T, Khan H, Gamble DT, Scally C, Newby DE, Dawson D. Takotsubo syndrome: pathophysiology, emerging concepts, and clinical implications. Circulation. 2022;145:10021019. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055854
  21. Templin C, Ghadri JR, Diekmann J, Napp LC, Bataiosu DR, Jaguszewski M, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:929938. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1406761
  22. Eichhorn C, Greulich S, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Sznitman R, Kwong RY, Gräni C. Multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance approach in diagnosing, monitoring, and prognostication of myocarditis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15:13251338. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.11.017
  23. Arnadottir A, Pedersen S, Bo Hasselbalch R, Goetze JP, Friis-Hansen LJ, Bloch-Munster AM, et al. Temporal release of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and I and copeptin after brief induced coronary artery balloon occlusion in humans. Circulation. 2021;143:10951104. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046574
  24. Canty JM Jr. Myocardial injury, troponin release, and cardiomyocyte death in brief ischemia, failure, and ventricular remodeling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2022;323:H1H15. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00093.2022
  25. Mair J, Lindahl B, Hammarsten O, Muller C, Giannitsis E, Huber K, et al. How is cardiac troponin released from injured myocardium? Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018;7:553560. DOI: 10.1177/2048872617748553
  26. Aengevaeren VL, Baggish AL, Chung EH, George K, Kleiven O, Mingels AMA, et al. Exercise-induced cardiac troponin elevations: from underlying mechanisms to clinical relevance. Circulation. 2021;144:19551972. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056208
  27. Fridlich O, Peretz A, Fox-Fisher I, Pyanzin S, Dadon Z, Shcolnik E, et al. Elevated cfDNA after exercise is derived primarily from mature polymorphonuclear neutrophils, with a minor contribution of cardiomyocytes. Cell Rep Med. 2023;4:101074. DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101074
  28. Friden V, Starnberg K, Muslimovic A, Ricksten SE, Bjurman C, Forsgard N, et al. Clearance of cardiac troponin T with and without kidney function. Clin Biochem. 2017;50:468474. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.02.007
  29. Muslimovic A, Friden V, Tenstad O, Starnberg K, Nystrom S, Wesen E, et al. The liver and kidneys mediate clearance of cardiac troponin in the rat. Sci Rep. 2020;10:6791. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63744-8
  30. Zaman S, Wasfy JH, Kapil V, Ziaeian B, Parsonage WA, Sriswasdi S, et al. The Lancet Commission on rethinking coronary artery disease: moving from ischaemia to atheroma. Lancet. 2025;405:12641312. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00055-8
  31. Chin CW, Shah AS, McAllister DA, Joanna Cowell S, Alam S, Langrish JP, et al. High-sensitivity troponin I concentrations are a marker of an advanced hypertrophic response and adverse outcomes in patients with aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:23122321. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu189
  32. Nellessen U, Goder S, Schobre R, Abawi M, Hecker H, Tschöke S. Serial analysis of troponin I levels in patients with ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Clin Cardiol. 2006;29:219224. DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960290510
  33. Willinger L, Brudy L, Meyer M, Oberhoffer-Fritz R, Ewert P, Müller J. Prognostic value of non-acute high sensitive troponin-T for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults with congenital heart disease: a systematic review. J Cardiol. 2021;78:206212. DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.02.008
  34. Eggers KM, Lindahl B. Application of cardiac troponin in cardiovascular diseases other than acute coronary syndrome. Clin Chem. 2017;63:223235. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.261495
  35. Lindahl B, Thurston AJ, Tew YY, McDermott M, Fujisawa T, Lynch S, et al. Change in cardiac troponin T to differentiate acute from chronic myocardial injury in the emergency department. Clin Biochem. 2026;141:111055. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2025.111055
  36. Roos A, Edgren G. Using historical cardiac troponins to identify patients at a high risk of myocardial infarction. Heart. 2023;109:127133. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321198
  37. Boeddinghaus J, Lopez-Ayala P, Thurston AJF, Lee KK, Tew YY, Doudesis D, et al. Cardiovascular risk across myocardial injury and infarction categories using the universal definition: an individual patient-level data meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025;87:22822297. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2025.11.043
  38. de Lemos JA, Newby LK, Mills NL. A proposal for modest revision of the definition of type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2019;140:17731775. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042157
  39. Lindahl B, Mills NL. A new clinical classification of acute myocardial infarction. Nat Med. 2023;29:22002205. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02513-2
  40. Taggart C, Roos A, Kadesjo E, Anand A, Li Z, Doudesis D, et al. Application of the universal definition of myocardial infarction in clinical practice in Scotland and Sweden. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e245853. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5853
  41. Gard A, Lindahl B, Baron T. Impact of clinical diagnosis of myocardial infarction in patients with elevated cardiac troponin. Heart. 2023;109:15331541. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-322298
  42. Devereaux PJ, Lamy A, Chan MTV, Allard RV, Lomivorotov VV, Landoni G, et al. High-sensitivity troponin I after cardiac surgery and 30-day mortality. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:827836. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2000803
  43. Gaudino M, Jaffe AS, Milojevic M, Sandoval Y, Devereaux PJ, Thygesen K, et al. Great debate: myocardial infarction after cardiac surgery must be redefined. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:41704177. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae416
  44. Jaffe AS, Lindahl B, Giannitsis E, Mueller C, Cullen L, Hammarsten O, et al. ESC Study Group on Cardiac Biomarkers of the Association for Acute CardioVascular Care: a fond farewell at the retirement of CKMB. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:22602264. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1079
  45. Ueki Y, Otsuka T, Bar S, Koskinas KC, Heg D, Haner J, et al. Frequency and outcomes of periprocedural MI in patients with chronic coronary syndromes undergoing PCI. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:513526. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.047
  46. Bulluck H, Paradies V, Barbato E, Baumbach A, Botker HE, Capodanno D, et al. Prognostically relevant periprocedural myocardial injury and infarction associated with percutaneous coronary interventions: a consensus document of the ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart and European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J. 2021;42:26302642. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab271
  47. Gaudino M, Flather M, Capodanno D, Milojevic M, Bhatt DL, Biondi Zoccai G, et al. European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) expert consensus statement on perioperative myocardial infarction after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2024;65:ezad415. DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezad415
  48. Hara H, Serruys PW, Takahashi K, Kawashima H, Ono M, Gao C, et al. Impact of peri-procedural myocardial infarction on outcomes after revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:16221639. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.009
  49. DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R, Mouser LT, Burroughs R, Golden MS, et al. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:897902. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198010163031601
  50. Khan AR, Golwala H, Tripathi A, Bin Abdulhak AA, Bavishi C, Riaz H, et al. Impact of total occlusion of culprit artery in acute non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:30823089. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx418
  51. McLaren J, de Alencar JN, Aslanger EK, Meyers HP, Smith SW. From ST-segment elevation MI to occlusion MI: the new paradigm shift in acute myocardial infarction. JACC Adv. 2024;3:101314. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101314
  52. Ricci F, Martini C, Scordo DM, Rossi D, Gallina S, Fedorowski A, et al. ECG patterns of occlusion myocardial infarction: a narrative review. Ann Emerg Med. 2025;85:330340. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.11.019
  53. Spirito A, Vaisnora L, Papadis A, Iacovelli F, Sardu C, Selberg A, et al. Acute coronary occlusion in patients with non-ST-segment elevation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81:446456. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.10.039
  54. Miranda DF, Lobo AS, Walsh B, Sandoval Y, Smith SW. New insights into the use of the 12-lead electrocardiogram for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34:132145. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2017.11.011
  55. Bentzon JF, Otsuka F, Virmani R, Falk E. Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture. Circ Res. 2014;114:18521866. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.302721
  56. Fahed AC, Jang IK. Plaque erosion and acute coronary syndromes: phenotype, molecular characteristics and future directions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18:724734. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00542-3
  57. Kubo T, Imanishi T, Takarada S, Kuroi A, Ueno S, Yamano T, et al. Assessment of culprit lesion morphology in acute myocardial infarction: ability of optical coherence tomography compared with intravascular ultrasound and coronary angioscopy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:933939. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.082
  58. Falk E, Nakano M, Bentzon JF, Finn AV, Virmani R. Update on acute coronary syndromes: the pathologists’ view. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:719728. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs411
  59. Ambrose JA, Tannenbaum MA, Alexopoulos D, Hjemdahl-Monsen CE, Leavy J, Weiss M, et al. Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;12:5662. DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90356-7
  60. Adlam D, Alfonso F, Maas A, Vrints C, Writing C. European Society of Cardiology, acute cardiovascular care association, SCAD study group: a position paper on spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:33533368. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy080
  61. Hayes SN, Kim ESH, Saw J, Adlam D, Arslanian-Engoren C, Economy KE, et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: current state of the science: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137:e523e557. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000564
  62. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021;144:e368e454. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001030
  63. Tamis-Holland JE, Jneid H, Reynolds HR, Agewall S, Brilakis ES, Brown TM, et al. Contemporary diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139:e891e908. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000670
  64. Chapman AR, Taggart C, Boeddinghaus J, Mills NL, Fox KAA. Type 2 myocardial infarction: challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Eur Heart J. 2025;46:504517. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae803
  65. Sandoval Y, Jaffe AS. Type 2 myocardial infarction: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:18461860. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.018
  66. Shah AS, Anand A, Sandoval Y, Lee KK, Smith SW, Adamson PD, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I at presentation in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a cohort study. Lancet. 2015;386:24812488. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00391-8
  67. Saaby L, Poulsen TS, Hosbond S, Larsen TB, Pyndt Diederichsen AC, Hallas J, et al. Classification of myocardial infarction: frequency and features of type 2 myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2013;126:789797. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.02.029
  68. Bularga A, Taggart C, Mendusic F, Kimenai DM, Wereski R, Lowry MTH, et al. Assessment of oxygen supply-demand imbalance and outcomes among patients with type 2 myocardial infarction: a secondary analysis of the High-STEACS cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2220162. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.20162
  69. Neumann JT, Sorensen NA, Rubsamen N, Ojeda F, Renne T, Qaderi V, et al. Discrimination of patients with type 2 myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:35143520. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx457
  70. Sarkisian L, Saaby L, Poulsen TS, Gerke O, Jangaard N, Hosbond S, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with myocardial infarction, myocardial injury, and nonelevated troponins. Am J Med. 2016;129:446.e5446.e21. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.006
  71. Wereski R, Kimenai DM, Taggart C, Doudesis D, Lee KK, Lowry MTH, et al. Cardiac troponin thresholds and kinetics to differentiate myocardial injury and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2021;144:528538. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.054302
  72. Bularga A, Hung J, Daghem M, Stewart S, Taggart C, Wereski R, et al. Coronary artery and cardiac disease in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction: a prospective cohort study. Circulation. 2022;145:11881200. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.058542
  73. McCarthy C, Murphy S, Cohen JA, Rehman S, Jones-O’Connor M, Olshan DS, et al. Misclassification of myocardial injury as myocardial infarction: implications for assessing outcomes in value-based programs. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4:460464. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.0716
  74. Boeddinghaus J, Bularga A, Taggart C, Wereski R, McDermott M, Thurston AJF, et al. Implications of a new clinical classification of acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2025;14:131141. DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuaf002
  75. McCarthy CP, Murphy SP, Amponsah DK, Rambarat PK, Lin C, Liu Y, et al. Coronary computed tomographic angiography with fractional flow reserve in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82:16761687. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.08.020
  76. Ruetzler K, Smilowitz NR, Berger JS, Devereaux PJ, Maron BA, Newby LK, et al. Diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;144:e287e305. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001024
  77. Kurz DJ, Naegeli B, Bertel O. A double-blind, randomized study of the effect of immediate intravenous nitroglycerin on the incidence of postprocedural chest pain and minor myocardial necrosis after elective coronary stenting. Am Heart J. 2000;139:3543. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8703(00)90306-5
  78. Belley-Cote EP, Whitlock RP, Lamy A, Alhussein MM, Lomivorotov V, Brady K, et al. Association between electrocardiographic changes and myocardial injury or death after cardiac surgery. Can J Cardiol. 2025;41:26012610. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2025.09.035
  79. Polzl L, Thielmann M, Cymorek S, Nagele F, Hirsch J, Graber M, et al. Impact of myocardial injury after coronary artery bypass grafting on long-term prognosis. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:24072417. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac054
  80. Crescenzi G, Bove T, Pappalardo F, Scandroglio AM, Landoni G, Aletti G, et al. Clinical significance of a new Q wave after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;25:10011005. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.02.030
  81. Virani SS, Newby LK, Arnold SV, Bittner V, Brewer LC, Demeter SH, et al. 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2023;148:e9e119. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001168
  82. Heuts S, Gollmann-Tepekoylu C, Denessen EJS, Olsthoorn JR, Romeo JLR, Maessen JG, et al. Cardiac troponin release following coronary artery bypass grafting: mechanisms and clinical implications. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:100112. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac604
  83. Moussa ID, Klein LW, Shah B, Mehran R, Mack MJ, Brilakis ES, et al. Consideration of a new definition of clinically relevant myocardial infarction after coronary revascularization: an expert consensus document from the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:15631570. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.720
  84. Ndrepepa G, Colleran R, Braun S, Cassese S, Hieber J, Fusaro M, et al. High-sensitivity troponin T and mortality after elective percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:22592268. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.059
  85. Kini A, Marmur JD, Kini S, Dangas G, Cocke TP, Wallenstein S, et al. Creatine kinase-MB elevation after coronary intervention correlates with diffuse atherosclerosis, and low-to-medium level elevation has a benign clinical course: implications for early discharge after coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:663671. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00298-3
  86. Garcia-Garcia HM, McFadden EP, Farb A, Mehran R, Stone GW, Spertus J, et al. Standardized end point definitions for coronary intervention trials: the Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:21922207. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy223
  87. Armillotta M, Bergamaschi L, Paolisso P, Belmonte M, Angeli F, Sansonetti A, et al. Prognostic relevance of type 4a myocardial infarction and periprocedural myocardial injury in patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2025;151:760772. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.070729
  88. Alam SR, Stirrat C, Spath N, Zamvar V, Pessotto R, Dweck MR, et al. Myocardial inflammation, injury and infarction during on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;12:115. DOI: 10.1186/s13019-017-0681-6
  89. Omran H, Deutsch MA, Groezinger E, Zittermann A, Renner A, Neumann JT, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I after coronary artery bypass grafting for post-operative decision-making. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:23882403. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab918
  90. Spirito A, Sartori S, Koshy AN, Feng Y, Vogel B, Baber U, et al. Mortality after procedural or spontaneous myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;84:467477. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.061
  91. Jangaard N, Sarkisian L, Saaby L, Mikkelsen S, Lassen AM, Marcussen N, et al. Incidence, frequency, and clinical characteristics of type 3 myocardial infarction in clinical practice. Am J Med. 2017;130:862.e9862.e14. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.12.034
  92. Wagensveld IM, Blokker BM, Pezzato A, Wielopolski PA, Renken NS, von der Thusen JH, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of postmortem computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography-guided biopsies for the detection of ischaemic heart disease in a hospital setting. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19:739748. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey015
  93. Stassi C, Mondello C, Baldino G, Cardia L, Gualniera P, Calapai F, et al. State of the art on the role of postmortem computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of cardiac causes of death: a narrative review. Tomography. 2022;8:961973. DOI: 10.3390/tomography8020077
  94. Michaud K, Jacobsen C, Basso C, Banner J, Blokker BM, de Boer HH, et al. Application of postmortem imaging modalities in cases of sudden death due to cardiovascular diseases-current achievements and limitations from a pathology perspective: endorsed by the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology and by the International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging. Virchows Archiv. 2023;482:385406. DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03458-6
  95. Cau R, Saba L, Balestrieri A, Meloni A, Mannelli L, La Grutta L, et al. Photon-counting computed tomography in atherosclerotic plaque characterization. Diagnostics. 2024;14:1065. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14111065
  96. Kotronias RA, de Maria GL, Xie C, Thomas S, Chan K, Portolan L, et al. Benchmarking photon-counting computed tomography angiography against invasive assessment of coronary stenosis: implications for severely calcified coronaries. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025;18:572585. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.11.005
  97. Gascho D, von Allmen A, Landsmann A, Hunermund T, Tappero C, Thali MJ, et al. Diagnostic value of T(1)- and T(2)-weighted 3-Tesla MRI for postmortem detection and age stage classification of myocardial infarction. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2024;20:1422. DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00592-8
  98. Delewi R, Ijff G, van de Hoef TP, Hirsch A, Robbers LF, Nijveldt R, et al. Pathological Q waves in myocardial infarction in patients treated by primary PCI. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:324331. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.08.018
  99. Antiochos P, Ge Y, Steel K, Bingham S, Abdullah S, Mikolich JR, et al. Imaging of clinically unrecognized myocardial fibrosis in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:945957. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.063
  100. Boland LL, Folsom AR, Sorlie PD, Taylor HA, Rosamond WD, Chambless LE, et al. Occurrence of unrecognized myocardial infarction in subjects aged 45 to 65 years (the ARIC study). Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:927931. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02655-3
  101. Kwong RY, Chan AK, Brown KA, Chan CW, Reynolds HG, Tsang S, et al. Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2006;113:27332743. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.570648
  102. Kwong RY, Sattar H, Wu H, Vorobiof G, Gandla V, Steel K, et al. Incidence and prognostic implication of unrecognized myocardial scar characterized by cardiac magnetic resonance in diabetic patients without clinical evidence of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008;118:10111020. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.727826
  103. Barbier CE, Bjerner T, Johansson L, Lind L, Ahlstrom H. Myocardial scars more frequent than expected: magnetic resonance imaging detects potential risk group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:765771. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.041
  104. Fernandez-Friera L, Garcia-Alvarez A, Oliva B, Garcia-Lunar I, Garcia I, Moreno-Arciniegas A, et al. Association between subclinical atherosclerosis burden and unrecognized myocardial infarction detected by cardiac magnetic resonance in middle-aged low-risk adults. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2024;25:968975. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeae044
  105. Hammar P, Nordenskjold AM, Lindahl B, Duvernoy O, Ahlstrom H, Johansson L, et al. Unrecognized myocardial infarctions assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance are associated with the severity of the stenosis in the supplying coronary artery. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:98. DOI: 10.1186/s12968-015-0202-5
  106. Nordenskjold AM, Hammar P, Ahlstrom H, Bjerner T, Duvernoy O, Lindahl B. Unrecognized myocardial infarction assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is associated with adverse long-term prognosis. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0200381. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200381
  107. Braunwald E. Unstable angina. A classification. Circulation. 1989;80:410414. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.80.2.410
  108. Gerhardt W, Katus H, Ravkilde J, Hamm C, Jorgensen PJ, Peheim E, et al. S-troponin T in suspected ischemic myocardial injury compared with mass and catalytic concentrations of S-creatine kinase isoenzyme MB. Clin Chem. 1991;37:14051411. DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/37.8.1405
  109. Diderholm E, Andren B, Frostfeldt G, Genberg M, Jernberg T, Lagerqvist B, et al. The prognostic and therapeutic implications of increased troponin T levels and ST depression in unstable coronary artery disease: the FRISC II invasive troponin T electrocardiogram substudy. Am Heart J. 2002;143:760767. DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2002.121733
  110. Lindahl B, Toss H, Siegbahn A, Venge P, Wallentin L, for the FRISC Study Group. Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:11391147. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200010193431602
  111. Morrow DA, Antman EM, Tanasijevic M, Rifai N, de Lemos JA, McCabe CH, et al. Cardiac troponin I for stratification of early outcomes and the efficacy of enoxaparin in unstable angina: a TIMI-11B substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:18121817. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00942-6
  112. Braunwald E, Morrow DA. Unstable angina: is it time for a requiem? Circulation. 2013;127:24522457. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001258
  113. Eggers KM, Jernberg T, Lindahl B. Unstable angina in the era of cardiac troponin assays with improved sensitivity—a clinical dilemma. Am J Med. 2017;130:14231430.e5. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.05.037
  114. Agewall S, Beltrame JF, Reynolds HR, Niessner A, Rosano G, Caforio AL, et al. ESC working group position paper on myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Eur Heart J. 2017;38:143153. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw149
  115. Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, Barthelemy O, Bauersachs J, Bhatt DL, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:12891367. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575
  116. Heitner JF, Senthilkumar A, Harrison JK, Klem I, Sketch MH Jr, Ivanov A, et al. Identifying the infarct-related artery in patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12:e007305. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.007305
  117. Reynolds HR, Maehara A, Kwong RY, Sedlak T, Saw J, Smilowitz NR, et al. Coronary optical coherence tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to determine underlying causes of myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries in women. Circulation. 2021;143:624640. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052008
  118. Liang K, Bisaccia G, Leo I, Williams MGL, Dastidar A, Strange JW, et al. CMR reclassifies the majority of patients with suspected MINOCA and non MINOCA. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;25:815. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead182
  119. Mileva N, Paolisso P, Gallinoro E, Fabbricatore D, Munhoz D, Bergamaschi L, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic role of cardiac magnetic resonance in MINOCA: systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;16:376389. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.12.029
  120. Rajwani A, Giudicatti L, Telyuk P, Maredia N, Ihdayhid A, Chieng D, et al. Clinical impact of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries: a prospective multicentre cohort study. Heart. 2026;112:95102. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2024-325181
  121. Williams MGL, Liang K, De Garate E, Spagnoli L, Fiori E, Dastidar A, et al. Peak troponin and CMR to guide management in suspected ACS and nonobstructive coronary arteries. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15:15781587. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.03.017
  122. Schulz-Menger J, Collini V, Groschel J, Adler Y, Brucato A, Christian V, et al. 2025 ESC Guidelines for the management of myocarditis and pericarditis. Eur Heart J. 2025;46:39524041. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf192
  123. Dastidar AG, Baritussio A, De Garate E, Drobni Z, Biglino G, Singhal P, et al. Prognostic role of CMR and conventional risk factors in myocardial infarction with nonobstructed coronary arteries. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:19731982. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.12.023
  124. Anderson HVS, Masri SC, Abdallah MS, Chang AM, Cohen MG, Elgendy IY, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA key data elements and definitions for chest pain and acute myocardial infarction: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Data Standards. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2022;15:e000112. DOI: 10.1161/HCQ.0000000000000112
  125. Angerud KH, Sederholm Lawesson S, Isaksson RM, Thylen I, Swahn E. Differences in symptoms, first medical contact and pre-hospital delay times between patients with ST- and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2019;8:201207. DOI: 10.1177/2048872617741734
  126. Lichtman JH, Leifheit EC, Safdar B, Bao H, Krumholz HM, Lorenze NP, et al. Sex differences in the presentation and perception of symptoms among young patients with myocardial infarction: evidence from the VIRGO study (Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of young AMI patients). Circulation. 2018;137:781790. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031650
  127. Devon HA, Rosenfeld A, Steffen AD, Daya M. Sensitivity, specificity, and sex differences in symptoms reported on the 13-item acute coronary syndrome checklist. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e000586. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000586
  128. Ferry AV, Anand A, Strachan FE, Mooney L, Stewart SD, Marshall L, et al. Presenting symptoms in men and women diagnosed with myocardial infarction using sex-specific criteria. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e012307. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012307
  129. Brieger D, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, Steg PG, Budaj A, White K, et al. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Chest. 2004;126:461469. DOI: 10.1378/chest.126.2.461
  130. Canto AJ, Kiefe CI, Goldberg RJ, Rogers WJ, Peterson ED, Wenger NK, et al. Differences in symptom presentation and hospital mortality according to type of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2012;163:572579. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.01.020
  131. Galinski M, Saget D, Ruscev M, Gonzalez G, Ameur L, Lapostolle F, et al. Chest pain in an out-of-hospital emergency setting: no relationship between pain severity and diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Pain Pract. 2015;15:343347. DOI: 10.1111/papr.12178
  132. Khan IA, Karim HMR, Panda CK, Ahmed G, Nayak S. Atypical presentations of myocardial infarction: a systematic review of case reports. Cureus. 2023;15:e35492. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35492
  133. Kirchberger I, Meisinger C, Heier M, Kling B, Wende R, Greschik C, et al. Patient-reported symptoms in acute myocardial infarction: differences related to ST-segment elevation: the MONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction Registry. J Intern Med. 2011;270:5864. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02365.x
  134. Stehli J, Martin C, Brennan A, Dinh DT, Lefkovits J, Zaman S. Sex differences persist in time to presentation, revascularization, and mortality in myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e012161. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012161
  135. van Oosterhout REM, de Boer AR, Maas A, Rutten FH, Bots ML, Peters SAE. Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute coronary syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e014733. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014733
  136. DeVon HA, Vuckovic K, Burke LA, Mirzaei S, Breen K, Robinson N, et al. What’s the risk? Older women report fewer symptoms for suspected acute coronary syndrome than younger women. Biores Open Access. 2018;7:131138. DOI: 10.1089/biores.2018.0020
  137. Bjorck L, Nielsen S, Jernberg T, Zverkova-Sandstrom T, Giang KW, Rosengren A. Absence of chest pain and long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Open Heart. 2018;5:e000909. DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000909
  138. Kumar A, Sanghera A, Sanghera B, Mohamed T, Midgen A, Pattison S, et al. Chest pain symptoms during myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2023;109:15161524. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-322289
  139. Nanna MG, Hajduk AM, Krumholz HM, Murphy TE, Dreyer RP, Alexander KP, et al. Sex-based differences in presentation, treatment, and complications among older adults hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction: the SILVER-AMI study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019;12:e005691. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005691
  140. Øhrn AM, Nielsen CS, Schirmer H, Stubhaug A, Wilsgaard T, Lindekleiv H. Pain tolerance in persons with recognized and unrecognized myocardial infarction: a population-based, cross-sectional study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e003846. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003846
  141. DeVon HA, Burke LA, Nelson H, Zerwic JJ, Riley B. Disparities in patients presenting to the emergency department with potential acute coronary syndrome: it matters if you are Black or White. Heart Lung. 2014;43:270277. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2014.04.019
  142. King-Shier K, Quan H, Kapral MK, Tsuyuki R, An L, Banerjee S, et al. Acute coronary syndromes presentations and care outcomes in white, South Asian and Chinese patients: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e022479. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022479
  143. Jinatongthai P, Kongwatcharapong J, Foo CY, Phrommintikul A, Nathisuwan S, Thakkinstian A, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of reperfusion therapy with fibrinolytic agents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2017;390:747759. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31441-1
  144. Widimsky P, Rohac F, Stasek J, Kala P, Rokyta R, Kuzmanov B, et al. Primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction with right bundle branch block: should new onset right bundle branch block be added to future guidelines as an indication for reperfusion therapy? Eur Heart J. 2012;33:8695. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr291
  145. Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Barbagelata A, Underwood DA, Gates KB, Topol EJ, et al. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. GUSTO-1 (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries) investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:481487. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199602223340801
  146. Smith SW, Dodd KW, Henry TD, Dvorak DM, Pearce LA. Diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle branch block with the ST-elevation to S-wave ratio in a modified Sgarbossa rule. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60:766776. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.07.119
  147. de Winter RJ, Verouden NJ, Wellens HJ, Wilde AA; Interventional Cardiology Group of the Academic Medical Center. A new ECG sign of proximal LAD occlusion. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:20712073. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc0804737
  148. de Zwaan C, Bär FW, Wellens HJ. Characteristic electrocardiographic pattern indicating a critical stenosis high in left anterior descending coronary artery in patients admitted because of impending myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1982;103:730736. DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(82)90480-x
  149. Rossello X, Wiegerinck RF, Alguersuari J, Bardaji A, Worner F, Sutil M, et al. New electrocardiographic criteria to differentiate acute pericarditis and myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2014;127:233239. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.11.006
  150. Raitt MH, Maynard C, Wagner GS, Cerqueira MD, Selvester RH, Weaver WD. Appearance of abnormal Q waves early in the course of acute myocardial infarction: implications for efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:10841088. DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00514-q
  151. Krone RJ, Friedman E, Thanavaro S, Miller JP, Kleiger RE, Oliver GC. Long-term prognosis after first Q-wave (transmural) or non-Q-wave (nontransmural) myocardial infarction: analysis of 593 patients. Am J Cardiol. 1983;52:234239. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90114-5
  152. Westermann D, Neumann JT, Sörensen NA, Blankenberg S. High-sensitivity assays for troponin in patients with cardiac disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14:472483. DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.48
  153. Vylegzhanina AV, Kogan AE, Katrukha IA, Koshkina EV, Bereznikova AV, Filatov VL, et al. Full-size and partially truncated cardiac troponin complexes in the blood of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chem. 2019;65:882892. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.301127
  154. Kristensen JH, Hasselbalch RB, Strandkjaer N, Jorgensen N, Ostergaard M, Moller-Sorensen PH, et al. Half-life and clearance of cardiac troponin I and troponin T in humans. Circulation. 2024;150:11871198. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.066565
  155. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Biomarkers Reference Tables. High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I and T Assay Analytical Characteristics. https://ifcc.org/ifcc-education-division/emd-committees/committee-on-clinical-applications-of-cardiac-bio-markers-c-cb/biomarkers-reference-tables (13 April 2026, date last accessed).
  156. Apple FS, Collinson PO; IFCC Task Force on Clinical Applications of Cardiac Biomarkers. Analytical characteristics of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. Clin Chem. 2012;58:5461. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.165795
  157. Collinson P, Hammerer-Lercher A, Aakre KM, Gruson D, Suvisaari J, Pulkki K, et al. Implementation of high sensitivity troponin into routine clinical practice—results of the extended CARdiac MArkers guideline uptake in Europe group (CARMAGUE) survey. Clin Chim Acta. 2024;558:117900. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117900
  158. Aakre KM, Saenger AK, Body R, Collinson P, Hammarsten O, Jaffe AS, et al. Analytical considerations in deriving 99th percentile upper reference limits for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays: educational recommendations from the IFCC Committee on Clinical Application of Cardiac Bio-Markers. Clin Chem. 2022;68:10221030. DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac092
  159. McEvoy JW, Tang O, Wang D, Ndumele CE, Coresh J, Christenson RH, et al. Myocardial injury thresholds for 4 high-sensitivity troponin assays in U.S. adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81:20282039. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.403
  160. Welsh P, Preiss D, Shah ASV, McAllister D, Briggs A, Boachie C, et al. Comparison between high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I in a large general population cohort. Clin Chem. 2018;64:16071616. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.292086
  161. Cao M, Pierce AE, Norman MS, Thakur B, Diercks K, Hale C, et al. Systematic review of sex-specific high sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T thresholds. Clin Ther. 2024;46:988994. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2024.09.025
  162. Kimenai DM, Janssen E, Eggers KM, Lindahl B, den Ruijter HM, Bekers O, et al. Sex-specific versus overall clinical decision limits for cardiac troponin I and T for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Clin Chem. 2018;64:10341043. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.286781
  163. Shah AS, Griffiths M, Lee KK, McAllister DA, Hunter AL, Ferry AV, et al. High sensitivity cardiac troponin and the under-diagnosis of myocardial infarction in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:g7873. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g7873
  164. Rubini Gimenez M, Twerenbold R, Boeddinghaus J, Nestelberger T, Puelacher C, Hillinger P, et al. Clinical effect of sex-specific cutoff values of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in suspected myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:912920. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2882
  165. Daniels LB, Mueller C, Giannitsis E, Meex SJR, Buehlmann D, Dilba P, et al. Establishing reference values in healthy participants for the cardiac troponin T high-sensitivity gen 6 assay: REF-TSIX global reference study. Clin Chem. 2026;72:488502. DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvag011
  166. de Bakker M, Anand A, Shipley M, Fujisawa T, Shah ASV, Kardys I, et al. Sex differences in cardiac troponin trajectories over the life course. Circulation. 2023;147:17981808. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064386
  167. Lowry MTH, Doudesis D, Wereski R, Kimenai DM, Tuck C, Ferry AV, et al. Influence of age on the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2022;146:11351148. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059994
  168. Doudesis D, Lee KK, Boeddinghaus J, Bularga A, Ferry AV, Tuck C, et al. Machine learning for diagnosis of myocardial infarction using cardiac troponin concentrations. Nat Med. 2023;29:12011210. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02325-4
  169. Hammarsten O, Warner JV, Lam L, Kavsak P, Lindahl B, Aakre KM, et al. Antibody-mediated interferences affecting cardiac troponin assays: recommendations from the IFCC Committee on Clinical Applications of Cardiac Biomarkers. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2023;61:14111419. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0028
  170. Harley K, Bissonnette S, Inzitari R, Schulz K, Apple FS, Kavsak PA, et al. Independent and combined effects of biotin and hemolysis on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021;59:14311443. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0124
  171. Herman DS, Kavsak PA, Greene DN. Variability and error in cardiac troponin testing: an ACLPS critical review. Am J Clin Pathol. 2017;148:281295. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx066
  172. Christenson RH, Frenk LDS, de Graaf HJ, van Domburg TSY, Wijnands FPG, Foolen HWJ, et al. Point-of-care: roadmap for analytical characterization and validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay in plasma and whole blood matrices. J Appl Lab Med. 2022;7:971988. DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfac028
  173. Chaulin AM. False-positive causes in serum cardiac troponin levels. J Clin Med Res. 2022;14:8087. DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4664
  174. Salaun E, Drory S, Cote MA, Tremblay V, Bedard E, Steinberg C, et al. Role of antitroponin antibodies and macrotroponin in the clinical interpretation of cardiac troponin. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13:e035128. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.123.035128
  175. Mair J, Giannitsis E, Mills NL, Mueller C; Study Group on Biomarkers of the European Society of Cardiology Association for Acute CardioVascular Care. How to deal with unexpected cardiac troponin results. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2022;11:e1e3. DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuac023
  176. Bularga A, Oskoui E, Fujisawa T, Jenks S, Sutherland R, Apple FS, et al. Macrotroponin complex as a cause for cardiac troponin increase after COVID-19 vaccination and infection. Clin Chem. 2022;68:10151019. DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac100
  177. Lam L, Tse R, Gladding P, Kyle C. Effect of macrotroponin in a cohort of community patients with elevated cardiac troponin. Clin Chem. 2022;68:12611271. DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac118
  178. Jaffe AS, Body R, Mills NL, Aakre KM, Collinson PO, Saenger A, et al. Single troponin measurement to rule out myocardial infarction: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82:6069. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.040
  179. Hoeller R, Rubini Gimenez M, Reichlin T, Twerenbold R, Zellweger C, Moehring B, et al. Normal presenting levels of high-sensitivity troponin and myocardial infarction. Heart. 2013;99:15671572. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303643
  180. Lowry MTH, Doudesis D, Boeddinghaus J, Kimenai DM, Bularga A, Taggart C, et al. Troponin in early presenters to rule out myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:28462858. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad376
  181. Wereski R, Chapman AR, Lee KK, Smith SW, Lowe DJ, Gray A, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin concentrations at presentation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:13021304. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.2867
  182. Liu T, Howarth AG, Chen Y, Nair AR, Yang HJ, Ren D, et al. Intramyocardial hemorrhage and the “wave front” of reperfusion injury compromising myocardial salvage. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:3548. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.034
  183. Vora KP, Kalra A, Shah CD, Bhatt K, Kumar A, Pandya T, et al. In-hospital mortality in hemorrhagic myocardial infarction. NEJM Evid. 2025;4:EVIDoa2400294. DOI: 10.1056/EVIDoa2400294
  184. Silvain J, Zeitouni M, Paradies V, Zheng HL, Ndrepepa G, Cavallini C, et al. Procedural myocardial injury, infarction and mortality in patients undergoing elective PCI: a pooled analysis of patient-level data. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:323334. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa885
  185. Miller WL, Garratt KN, Burritt MF, Reeder GS, Jaffe AS. Timing of peak troponin T and creatine kinase-MB elevations after percutaneous coronary intervention. Chest. 2004;125:275280. DOI: 10.1378/chest.125.1.275
  186. Miller WL, Garratt KN, Burritt MF, Lennon RJ, Reeder GS, Jaffe AS. Baseline troponin level: key to understanding the importance of post-PCI troponin elevations. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:10611069. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi760
  187. Selvanayagam JB, Porto I, Channon K, Petersen SE, Francis JM, Neubauer S, et al. Troponin elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention directly represents the extent of irreversible myocardial injury: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2005;111:10271032. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000156328.28485.AD
  188. Eggers KM, Batra G, Lindahl B, Ghukasyan Lakic T, Lindback J, Budaj A, et al. Temporal biomarker concentration patterns during the early course of acute coronary syndrome. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2024;62:11671176. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-1253
  189. Jaffe AS, Moeckel M, Giannitsis E, Huber K, Mair J, Mueller C, et al. In search for the Holy Grail: suggestions for studies to define delta changes to diagnose or exclude acute myocardial infarction: a position paper from the study group on biomarkers of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2014;3:313316. DOI: 10.1177/2048872614541906
  190. Reichlin T, Irfan A, Twerenbold R, Reiter M, Hochholzer W, Burkhalter H, et al. Utility of absolute and relative changes in cardiac troponin concentrations in the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2011;124:136145. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.023937
  191. Hollander JE, Than M, Mueller C. State-of-the-art evaluation of emergency department patients presenting with potential acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2016;134:547564. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021886
  192. Lowry MTH, Anand A, Mills NL. Implementing an early rule-out pathway for acute myocardial infarction in clinical practice. Heart. 2021;107:19121919. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-316242
  193. Writing C, Kontos MC, de Lemos JA, Deitelzweig SB, Diercks DB, Gore MO, et al. 2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the evaluation and disposition of acute chest pain in the emergency department: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80:19251960. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.08.750
  194. Reichlin T, Schindler C, Drexler B, Twerenbold R, Reiter M, Zellweger C, et al. One-hour rule-out and rule-in of acute myocardial infarction using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:12111218. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3698
  195. Baker JO, Tyther R, Liebetrau C, Clark J, Howarth R, Patterson T, et al. Cardiac myosin-binding protein C: a potential early biomarker of myocardial injury. Basic Res Cardiol. 2015;110:23. DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0478-5
  196. Kaier TE, Twerenbold R, Lopez-Ayala P, Nestelberger T, Boeddinghaus J, Alaour B, et al. A 0/1h-algorithm using cardiac myosin-binding protein C for early diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2022;11:325335. DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuac007
  197. Kaier TE, Twerenbold R, Puelacher C, Marjot J, Imambaccus N, Boeddinghaus J, et al. Direct comparison of cardiac myosin-binding protein C with cardiac troponins for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2017;136:14951508. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028084
  198. Iqbal J, Sumaya W, Tatman V, Parviz Y, Morton AC, Grech ED, et al. Incidence and predictors of stent thrombosis: a single-centre study of 5,833 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery stenting. EuroIntervention. 2013;9:6269. DOI: 10.4244/EIJV9I1A10
  199. Moussa ID, Mohananey D, Saucedo J, Stone GW, Yeh RW, Kennedy KF, et al. Trends and outcomes of restenosis after coronary stent implantation in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:15211531. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.002
  200. Popovic B, Agrinier N, Bouchahda N, Pinelli S, Maigrat CH, Metzdorf PA, et al. Coronary embolism among ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients: mechanisms and management. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2018;11:e005587. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.117.005587
  201. Wang J, Gao H, Xiao J, Gao M, Liu Y, Gao J. The clinical features and prognosis of type 4C myocardial infarction in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9:1153. DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2587
  202. Balbi MM, Scarparo P, Tovar MN, Masdjedi K, Daemen J, Den Dekker W, et al. Culprit lesion detection in patients presenting with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome and multivessel disease. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2022;35:110118. DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2021.03.019
  203. Kerensky RA, Wade M, Deedwania P, Boden WE, Pepine CJ; Veterans Affairs Non-Q-Wave Infarction Strategies in-Hospital (VANQWISH) Trial Investigators. Revisiting the culprit lesion in non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results from the VANQWISH trial angiographic core laboratory. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:14561463. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01770-9
  204. Andersson HB, Pedersen F, Engstrom T, Helqvist S, Jensen MK, Jorgensen E, et al. Long-term survival and causes of death in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome without obstructive coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:102110. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx491
  205. Gehrie ER, Reynolds HR, Chen AY, Neelon BH, Roe MT, Gibler WB, et al. Characterization and outcomes of women and men with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and nonobstructive coronary artery disease: results from the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) quality improvement initiative. Am Heart J. 2009;158:688694. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.08.004
  206. Larsen AI, Nilsen DW, Yu J, Mehran R, Nikolsky E, Lansky AJ, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with no significant coronary artery disease (from the HORIZONS-AMI trial). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111:643648. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.11.011
  207. Johnson TW, Raber L, di Mario C, Bourantas C, Jia H, Mattesini A, et al. Clinical use of intracoronary imaging. Part 2: Acute coronary syndromes, ambiguous coronary angiography findings, and guiding interventional decision-making: an expert consensus document of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:25662584. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz332
  208. De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Kalesan B, Barbato E, Tonino PA, Piroth Z, et al. Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:9911001. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1205361
  209. Eftekhari A, Holck EN, Westra J, Olsen NT, Bruun NH, Jensen LO, et al. Instantaneous wave free ratio vs. fractional flow reserve and 5-year mortality: iFR SWEDEHEART and DEFINE FLAIR. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:43764384. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad582
  210. Masdjedi K, van Zandvoort LJC, Balbi MM, Gijsen FJH, Ligthart JMR, Rutten MCM, et al. Validation of a three-dimensional quantitative coronary angiography-based software to calculate fractional flow reserve: the FAST study. EuroIntervention. 2020;16:591599. DOI: 10.4244/EIJ-D-19-00466
  211. Kontos MC. Role of echocardiography in the emergency department for identifying patients with myocardial infarction and ischemia. Echocardiography. 1999;16:193205. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.1999.tb00804.x
  212. Rybicki FJ, Udelson JE, Peacock WF, Goldhaber SZ, Isselbacher EM, Kazerooni E, et al. 2015 ACR/ACC/AHA/AATS/ACEP/ASNC/NASCI/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR/SCPC/SNMMI/STR/STS appropriate utilization of cardiovascular imaging in emergency department patients with chest pain: a joint document of the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria Committee and the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:853879. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.011
  213. Stillman AE, Oudkerk M, Bluemke D, Bremerich J, Esteves FP, Garcia EV, et al. Assessment of acute myocardial infarction: current status and recommendations from the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging and the European Society of Cardiac Radiology. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;27:724. DOI: 10.1007/s10554-010-9714-0
  214. Thune JJ, Kober L, Pfeffer MA, Skali H, Anavekar NS, Bourgoun M, et al. Comparison of regional versus global assessment of left ventricular function in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, or both after myocardial infarction: the valsartan in acute myocardial infarction echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:14621465. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2006.05.028
  215. Kontos MC, Diercks DB, Kirk JD. Emergency department and office-based evaluation of patients with chest pain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:284299. DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0560
  216. Lewis WR. Echocardiography in the evaluation of patients in chest pain units. Cardiol Clin. 2005;23:531539, vii. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccl.2005.08.009
  217. Scirica BM. Acute coronary syndrome: emerging tools for diagnosis and risk assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:14031415. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.071
  218. Geers J, Balfour A, Molek P, Barron P, Botezatu S, Joshi SS, et al. Systematic hand-held echocardiography in patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2024;25:14411450. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeae149
  219. Korosoglou G, Geiger B, Hansen A, Hardt SA, Giannitsis E, Selter C, et al. Usefulness of real-time myocardial perfusion imaging to evaluate alterations of myocardial blood flow in patients with stable angina pectoris undergoing elective percutaneous coronary interventions. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:885891. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.05.041
  220. Mair J, Jaffe A, Lindahl B, Mills N, Mockel M, Cullen L, et al. The clinical approach to diagnosing peri-procedural myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary interventions according to the fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction—from the study group on biomarkers of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Association for Acute CardioVascular Care (ACVC). Biomarkers. 2022;27:407417. DOI: 10.1080/1354750X.2022.2055792
  221. Doolub G, Khurshid S, Theriault-Lauzier P, Nolin Lapalme A, Tastet O, So D, et al. Revolutionising acute cardiac care with artificial intelligence: opportunities and challenges. Can J Cardiol. 2024;40:18131827. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.06.011
  222. Kusunose K, Abe T, Haga A, Fukuda D, Yamada H, Harada M, et al. A deep learning approach for assessment of regional wall motion abnormality from echocardiographic images. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13:374381. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.02.024
  223. Laumer F, Di Vece D, Cammann VL, Wurdinger M, Petkova V, Schonberger M, et al. Assessment of artificial intelligence in echocardiography diagnostics in differentiating Takotsubo syndrome from myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7:494503. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2022.0183
  224. Upton R, Mumith A, Beqiri A, Parker A, Hawkes W, Gao S, et al. Automated echocardiographic detection of severe coronary artery disease using artificial intelligence. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15:715727. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.10.013
  225. Ibanez B, Aletras AH, Arai AE, Arheden H, Bax J, Berry C, et al. Cardiac MRI endpoints in myocardial infarction experimental and clinical trials: JACC scientific expert panel. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:238256. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.05.024
  226. Vora KP, Kumar A, Krishnam MS, Prato FS, Raman SV, Dharmakumar R. Microvascular obstruction and intramyocardial hemorrhage in reperfused myocardial infarctions: pathophysiology and clinical insights from imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2024;17:795810. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.02.003
  227. Rossello X, Lopez-Ayala P, Fernandez-Jimenez R, Oliver E, Galan-Arriola C, de Molina-Iracheta A, et al. R2 prime (R2’) magnetic resonance imaging for post-myocardial infarction intramyocardial haemorrhage quantification. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21:10311038. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez306
  228. Abdel-Aty H, Zagrosek A, Schulz-Menger J, Taylor AJ, Messroghli D, Kumar A, et al. Delayed enhancement and T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging differentiate acute from chronic myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004;109:24112416. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000127428.10985.C6
  229. Bulluck H, Rosmini S, Abdel-Gadir A, White SK, Bhuva AN, Treibel TA, et al. Residual myocardial iron following intramyocardial hemorrhage during the convalescent phase of reperfused ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and adverse left ventricular remodeling. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:e004940. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.004940
  230. Wang G, Yang HJ, Kali A, Cokic I, Tang R, Xie G, et al. Influence of myocardial hemorrhage on staging of reperfused myocardial infarctions with T(2) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: insights into the dependence on infarction type with ex vivo validation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:693703. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.01.018
  231. Ganame J, Messalli G, Dymarkowski S, Rademakers FE, Desmet W, Van de Werf F, et al. Impact of myocardial haemorrhage on left ventricular function and remodelling in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:14401449. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp093
  232. Kumar A, Connelly K, Vora K, Bainey KR, Howarth A, Leipsic J, et al. The Canadian Cardiovascular Society classification of acute atherothrombotic myocardial infarction based on stages of tissue injury severity: an expert consensus statement. Can J Cardiol. 2024;40:114. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.09.020
  233. Lechner I, Reindl M, Stiermaier T, Tiller C, Holzknecht M, Oberhollenzer F, et al. Clinical outcomes associated with various microvascular injury patterns identified by CMR after STEMI. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83:20522062. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.03.408
  234. Vyas R, Changal KH, Bhuta S, Pasadyn V, Katterle K, Niedoba MJ, et al. Impact of intramyocardial hemorrhage on clinical outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Soc Cardiovasc Angiogr Interv. 2022;1:100444. DOI: 10.1016/j.jscai.2022.100444
  235. Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RM, Lugo-Olivieri CH, Barouch LA, Schulman SP, et al. Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;97:765772. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.97.8.765
  236. Locca D, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Ferrante G, La Manna A, Keenan NG, Grasso A, et al. New universal definition of myocardial infarction applicable after complex percutaneous coronary interventions? JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:950958. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2010.06.015
  237. Hwang HY, Yeom SY, Park EA, Lee W, Jang MJ, Kim KB. Serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after surgical coronary revascularization for left ventricular dysfunction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;159:17981805. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.04.109
  238. Kolossvary M, Szilveszter B, Merkely B, Maurovich-Horvat P. Plaque imaging with CT—a comprehensive review on coronary CT angiography based risk assessment. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017;7:489506. DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2016.11.06
  239. Puchner SB, Liu T, Mayrhofer T, Truong QA, Lee H, Fleg JL, et al. High-risk plaque detected on coronary CT angiography predicts acute coronary syndromes independent of significant stenosis in acute chest pain: results from the ROMICAT-II trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:684692. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.039
  240. Kofoed KF, Engstrom T, Sigvardsen PE, Linde JJ, Torp-Pedersen C, de Knegt M, et al. Prognostic value of coronary CT angiography in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77:10441052. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.12.037
  241. Gray AJ, Roobottom C, Smith JE, Goodacre S, Oatey K, O’Brien R, et al. Early computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2021;374:n2106. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n2106
  242. Meah MN, Bularga A, Tzolos E, Chapman AR, Daghem M, Hung JD, et al. Distinguishing type 1 from type 2 myocardial infarction by using CT coronary angiography. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2022;4:e220081. DOI: 10.1148/ryct.220081
  243. Pergola V, Continisio S, Mantovani F, Motta R, Mattesi G, Marrazzo G, et al. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: the emerging role of coronary computed tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;24:839850. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead060
  244. Dai N, Chen Z, Zhou F, Zhou Y, Hu N, Duan S, et al. Coronary CT angiography-derived plaque characteristics and physiologic patterns for peri-procedural myocardial infarction and subsequent events. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;24:897908. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead025
  245. Serruys PW, Kageyama S, Pompilio G, Andreini D, Pontone G, Mushtaq S, et al. Coronary bypass surgery guided by computed tomography in a low-risk population. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:18041815. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae199
  246. Palmisano A, Vignale D, Tadic M, Moroni F, De Stefano D, Gatti M, et al. Myocardial late contrast enhancement CT in troponin-positive acute chest pain syndrome. Radiology. 2022;302:545553. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.211288
  247. Çitaku H, Miftari R, Stubljar D, Krasniqi X. Size of acute myocardial infarction correlates with earlier time of initiation of reperfusion therapy with cardiac perfusion scintigraphy: a national single-center study. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2021;27:e933214. DOI: 10.12659/MSMBR.933214
  248. Wagner A, Mahrholdt H, Holly TA, Elliott MD, Regenfus M, Parker M, et al. Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet. 2003;361:374379. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12389-6
  249. Wells RG. Instrumentation in molecular imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2016;23:13431347. DOI: 10.1007/s12350-016-0498-z
  250. Tzolos E, Bing R, Andrews J, MacAskill MG, Tavares AAS, Macnaught G, et al. Noninvasive in vivo coronary artery thrombus imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;16:820832. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.10.002
  251. Tzolos E, Bing R, Newby DE, Dweck MR. Categorising myocardial infarction with advanced cardiovascular imaging. Lancet. 2021;398:e9. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01329-5
  252. Gibson CM, Karha J, Murphy SA, James D, Morrow DA, Cannon CP, et al. Early and long-term clinical outcomes associated with reinfarction following fibrinolytic administration in the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:716. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00506-0
  253. Kernis SJ, Harjai KJ, Stone GW, Grines LL, Boura JA, Yerkey MW, et al. The incidence, predictors, and outcomes of early reinfarction after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:11731177. DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00920-3
  254. Nair R, Johnson M, Kravitz K, Huded C, Rajeswaran J, Anabila M, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of early recurrent myocardial infarction after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e019270. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.120.019270
  255. Song J, Murugiah K, Hu S, Gao Y, Li X, Krumholz HM, et al. Incidence, predictors, and prognostic impact of recurrent acute myocardial infarction in China. Heart. 2021;107:313318. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317165
  256. Holzmann MJ, Andersson T, Doemland ML, Roux S. Recurrent myocardial infarction and emergency department visits: a retrospective study on the Stockholm Area Chest Pain Cohort. Open Heart. 2023;10:e002206. DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2022-002206
  257. Stromback U, Engstrom A, Lundqvist R, Lundblad D, Vikman I. The second myocardial infarction: is there any difference in symptoms and prehospital delay compared to the first myocardial infarction? Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2018;17:652659. DOI: 10.1177/1474515118777391
  258. Kwok CS, Bennett S, Azam Z, Welsh V, Potluri R, Loke YK, et al. Misdiagnosis of acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2021;20:155162. DOI: 10.1097/HPC.0000000000000256
  259. Adamson PD, McAllister D, Pilbrow A, Pickering JW, Poppe K, Shah A, et al. Convalescent troponin and cardiovascular death following acute coronary syndrome. Heart. 2019;105:17171724. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315084
  260. Apple FS, Murakami MM. Cardiac troponin and creatine kinase MB monitoring during in-hospital myocardial reinfarction. Clin Chem. 2005;51:460463. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.042887
  261. Ekstrom K, Nepper-Christensen L, Ahtarovski KA, Kyhl K, Goransson C, Bertelsen L, et al. Impact of multiple myocardial scars detected by CMR in patients following STEMI. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12:21682178. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.01.032
  262. Kociol RD, Pang PS, Gheorghiade M, Fonarow GC, O’Connor CM, Felker GM. Troponin elevation in heart failure prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:10711078. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.016
  263. Felker GM, Mentz RJ, Teerlink JR, Voors AA, Pang PS, Ponikowski P, et al. Serial high sensitivity cardiac troponin T measurement in acute heart failure: insights from the RELAX-AHF study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:12621270. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.341
  264. Januzzi JL Jr, Filippatos G, Nieminen M, Gheorghiade M. Troponin elevation in patients with heart failure: on behalf of the third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Global Task Force: Heart Failure Section. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:22652271. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs191
  265. Weil BR, Suzuki G, Young RF, Iyer V, Canty, JM Jr. Troponin release and reversible left ventricular dysfunction after transient pressure overload. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:29062916. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.029
  266. Aimo A, Januzzi JL Jr, Vergaro G, Ripoli A, Latini R, Masson S, et al. Prognostic value of high-sensitivity troponin T in chronic heart failure: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Circulation. 2018;137:286297. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031560
  267. Frank Peacock W 4th, De Marco T, Fonarow GC, Diercks D, Wynne J, Apple FS, et al. Cardiac troponin and outcome in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:21172126. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0706824
  268. Packer M, Januzzi JL, Ferreira JP, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. Concentration-dependent clinical and prognostic importance of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction and the influence of empagliflozin: the EMPEROR-Reduced trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23:15291538. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2256
  269. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Bohm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:35993726. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
  270. Gallacher PJ, Yeung D, Bell S, Shah ASV, Mills NL, Dhaun N. Kidney replacement therapy: trends in incidence, treatment, and outcomes of myocardial infarction and stroke in a nationwide Scottish study. Eur Heart J. 2024;45:13391351. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae080
  271. Szummer K, Lundman P, Jacobson SH, Schon S, Lindback J, Stenestrand U, et al. Relation between renal function, presentation, use of therapies and in-hospital complications in acute coronary syndrome: data from the SWEDEHEART register. J Intern Med. 2010;268:4049. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02204.x
  272. Gallacher PJ, Miller-Hodges E, Shah ASV, Anand A, Dhaun N, Mills NL, et al. Use of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin in patients with kidney impairment: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181:12371239. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.1184
  273. Keddis MT, El-Zoghby ZM, El Ters M, Rodrigo E, Pellikka PA, Jaffe AS, et al. Cardiac troponin T before and after kidney transplantation: determinants and implications for posttransplant survival. Am J Transplant. 2013;13:406414. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04317.x
  274. van der Linden N, Cornelis T, Kimenai DM, Klinkenberg LJJ, Hilderink JM, Luck S, et al. Origin of cardiac troponin T elevations in chronic kidney disease. Circulation. 2017;136:10731075. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029986
  275. Matsushita K, Ballew SH, Wang AY, Kalyesubula R, Schaeffner E, Agarwal R. Epidemiology and risk of cardiovascular disease in populations with chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18:696707. DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00616-6
  276. Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Tuttle KR, Chow SL, Mathew RO, Khan SS, et al. A synopsis of the evidence for the science and clinical management of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;148:16361664. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001186
  277. Brunner FJ, Kroger F, Blaum C, Gossling A, Lorenz T, van Erckelens E, et al. Association of high-sensitivity troponin T and I with the severity of stable coronary artery disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis. 2020;313:8187. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.024
  278. deFilippi C, Seliger SL, Kelley W, Duh SH, Hise M, Christenson RH, et al. Interpreting cardiac troponin results from high-sensitivity assays in chronic kidney disease without acute coronary syndrome. Clin Chem. 2012;58:13421351. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.185322
  279. Knott JD, Ola O, De Michieli L, Akula A, Mehta RA, Dworak M, et al. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients with renal failure using high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2024;13:546558. DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuae079
  280. Miller-Hodges E, Anand A, Shah ASV, Chapman AR, Gallacher P, Lee KK, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin and the risk stratification of patients with renal impairment presenting with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2018;137:425435. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030320
  281. Twerenbold R, Badertscher P, Boeddinghaus J, Nestelberger T, Wildi K, Puelacher C, et al. 0/1-Hour triage algorithm for myocardial infarction in patients with renal dysfunction. Circulation. 2018;137:436451. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028901
  282. Gallacher PJ, Miller-Hodges E, Shah ASV, Farrah TE, Halbesma N, Blackmur JP, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin and the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in patients with kidney impairment. Kidney Int. 2022;102:149159. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.02.019
  283. Davenport MS, Perazella MA, Yee J, Dillman JR, Fine D, McDonald RJ, et al. Use of intravenous iodinated contrast media in patients with kidney disease: consensus statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation. Radiology. 2020;294:660668. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019192094
  284. Maslove DM, Tang B, Shankar-Hari M, Lawler PR, Angus DC, Baillie JK, et al. Redefining critical illness. Nat Med. 2022;28:11411148. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01843-x
  285. Pastores SM, Dulu A, Voigt L, Raoof N, Alicea M, Halpern NA. Premortem clinical diagnoses and postmortem autopsy findings: discrepancies in critically ill cancer patients. Critical Care. 2007;11:R48. DOI: 10.1186/cc5782
  286. Perkins GD, McAuley DF, Davies S, Gao F. Discrepancies between clinical and postmortem diagnoses in critically ill patients: an observational study. Critical Care. 2003;7:R129R132. DOI: 10.1186/cc2359
  287. Roosen J, Frans E, Wilmer A, Knockaert DC, Bobbaers H. Comparison of premortem clinical diagnoses in critically ill patients and subsequent autopsy findings. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75:562567. DOI: 10.4065/75.6.562
  288. Docherty AB, Alam S, Shah AS, Moss A, Newby DE, Mills NL, et al. Unrecognised myocardial infarction and its relationship to outcome in critically ill patients with cardiovascular disease. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44:20592069. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-018-5425-0
  289. Lim W, Holinski P, Devereaux PJ, Tkaczyk A, McDonald E, Clarke F, et al. Detecting myocardial infarction in critical illness using screening troponin measurements and ECG recordings. Critical Care. 2008;12:R36. DOI: 10.1186/cc6815
  290. Rennyson SL, Hunt J, Haley MW, Norton HJ, Littmann L. Electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in critically ill patients: an observational cohort analysis. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:23042309. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181fa02cd
  291. Lim W, Qushmaq I, Cook DJ, Devereaux PJ, Heels-Ansdell D, Crowther MA, et al. Reliability of electrocardiogram interpretation in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:13381343. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000214679.23957.90
  292. Marcelino PA, Marum SM, Fernandes AP, Germano N, Lopes MG. Routine transthoracic echocardiography in a general intensive care unit: an 18 month survey in 704 patients. Eur J Intern Med. 2009;20:e37e42. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.09.015
  293. Cavefors O, Holmqvist J, Bech-Hanssen O, Einarsson F, Norberg E, Lundin S, et al. Regional left ventricular systolic dysfunction associated with critical illness: incidence and effect on outcome. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8:54155423. DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13633
  294. Champion S, Belcour D, Vandroux D, Drouet D, Gauzere BA, Bouchet B, et al. Stress (Tako-tsubo) cardiomyopathy in critically-ill patients. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2015;4:189196. DOI: 10.1177/2048872614547686
  295. Vallabhajosyula S, Deshmukh AJ, Kashani K, Prasad A, Sakhuja A. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy in severe sepsis: nationwide trends, predictors, and outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e009160. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.009160
  296. Murata M, Nakagawa N, Kawasaki T, Yasuo S, Yoshida T, Ando K, et al. Adverse events during intrahospital transport of critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;52:1319. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.11.021
  297. Parmentier-Decrucq E, Poissy J, Favory R, Nseir S, Onimus T, Guerry MJ, et al. Adverse events during intrahospital transport of critically ill patients: incidence and risk factors. Ann Intensive Care. 2013;3:10. DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-3-10
  298. Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, Hall TS, Abdelhamid M, Barbato E, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:38263924. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac270
  299. Devereaux PJ, Xavier D, Pogue J, Guyatt G, Sigamani A, Garutti I, et al. Characteristics and short-term prognosis of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:523528. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-154-8-201104190-00003
  300. Puelacher C, Gualandro DM, Glarner N, Lurati Buse G, Lampart A, Bolliger D, et al. Long-term outcomes of perioperative myocardial infarction/injury after non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:16901701. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac798
  301. Smilowitz NR, Redel-Traub G, Hausvater A, Armanious A, Nicholson J, Puelacher C, et al. Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiol Rev. 2019;27:267273. DOI: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000254
  302. Writing Committee for the VISION Study Investigators; Devereaux PJ, Biccard BM, Sigamani A, Xavier D, Chan MTV, et al. Association of postoperative high-sensitivity troponin levels with myocardial injury and 30-day mortality among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. JAMA. 2017;317:16421651. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.4360
  303. Thompson A, Fleischmann KE, Smilowitz NR, de Las Fuentes L, Mukherjee D, Aggarwal NR, et al. 2024 AHA/ACC/ACS/ASNC/HRS/SCA/SCCT/SCMR/SVM Guideline for perioperative cardiovascular management for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;150:e351e442. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001285
  304. Nagele P, Brown F, Gage BF, Gibson DW, Miller JP, Jaffe AS, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in prediction and diagnosis of myocardial infarction and long-term mortality after noncardiac surgery. Am Heart J. 2013;166:325332.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.04.018
  305. Genereux P, Head SJ, Van Mieghem NM, Kodali S, Kirtane AJ, Xu K, et al. Clinical outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement using Valve Academic Research Consortium definitions: a weighted meta-analysis of 3,519 patients from 16 studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:23172326. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.022
  306. Ribeiro HB, Webb JG, Makkar RR, Cohen MG, Kapadia SR, Kodali S, et al. Predictive factors, management, and clinical outcomes of coronary obstruction following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: insights from a large multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:15521562. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.040
  307. Akuka A, Landes U, Manevich L, Rubinshtein R, Danenberg HD. Coronary embolism after transcatheter aortic valve replacement-case series and review of literature. Am J Cardiol. 2023;205:234240. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.07.137
  308. Kim WK, Rolf A, Liebetrau C, Van Linden A, Blumenstein J, Kempfert J, et al. Detection of myocardial injury by CMR after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:349357. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.052
  309. Real C, Avvedimento M, Nuche J, Franzone A, Farjat-Pasos J, Trinh KH, et al. Myocardial injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement according to VARC-3 criteria. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2023;16:12211232. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2023.03.022
  310. Ribeiro HB, Nombela-Franco L, Munoz-Garcia AJ, Lemos PA, Amat-Santos I, Serra V, et al. Predictors and impact of myocardial injury after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a multicenter registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:20752088. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.881
  311. Rodes-Cabau J, Gutierrez M, Bagur R, De Larochelliere R, Doyle D, Cote M, et al. Incidence, predictive factors, and prognostic value of myocardial injury following uncomplicated transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:19881999. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.060
  312. Sinning JM, Hammerstingl C, Schueler R, Neugebauer A, Keul S, Ghanem A, et al. The prognostic value of acute and chronic troponin elevation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. EuroIntervention. 2016;11:15221529. DOI: 10.4244/EIJY15M02_02
  313. Tocchetti CG, Farmakis D, Koop Y, Andres MS, Couch LS, Formisano L, et al. Cardiovascular toxicities of immune therapies for cancer—a scientific statement of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC and the ESC Council of Cardio-Oncology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024;26:20552076. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3340
  314. Cardinale D, Sandri MT, Colombo A, Colombo N, Boeri M, Lamantia G, et al. Prognostic value of troponin I in cardiac risk stratification of cancer patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy. Circulation. 2004;109:27492754. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000130926.51766.CC
  315. Tzolos E, Adamson PD, Hall PS, Macpherson IR, Oikonomidou O, MacLean M, et al. Dynamic changes in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I in response to anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Clin Oncol. 2020;32:292297. DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2019.11.008
  316. Lyon AR, Lopez-Fernandez T, Couch LS, Asteggiano R, Aznar MC, Bergler-Klein J, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022;43:42294361. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244
  317. Jiang C, Xu H, Wu Y. Effect of chemotherapy in tumor on coronary arteries: mechanisms and management. Life Sci. 2024;338:122377. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122377
  318. Junehag L, Asplund K, Svedlund M. A qualitative study: perceptions of the psychosocial consequences and access to support after an acute myocardial infarction. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2014;30:2230. DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2013.07.002
  319. Gwaltney C, Reaney M, Krohe M, Martin MM, Falvey H, Mollon P. Symptoms and functional limitations in the first year following a myocardial infarction: a qualitative study. Patient. 2017;10:225235. DOI: 10.1007/s40271-016-0194-8
  320. Lichtman JH, Froelicher ES, Blumenthal JA, Carney RM, Doering LV, Frasure-Smith N, et al. Depression as a risk factor for poor prognosis among patients with acute coronary syndrome: systematic review and recommendations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129:13501369. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000019
  321. Murphy B, Le Grande M, Alvarenga M, Worcester M, Jackson A. Anxiety and depression after a cardiac event: prevalence and predictors. Front Psychol. 2020;10:3010. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03010
  322. Legler SR, Beale EE, Celano CM, Beach SR, Healy BC, Huffman JC. State gratitude for one’s life and health after an acute coronary syndrome: prospective associations with physical activity, medical adherence and re-hospitalizations. J Posit Psychol. 2019;14:283291. DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1414295
  323. Dreyer RP, Pavlo AJ, Horne A, Dunn R, Danvers K, Brush J, et al. Conceptual framework for personal recovery in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e022354. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.121.022354
  324. Sjostrom-Strand A, Ivarsson B, Sjoberg T. Women’s experience of a myocardial infarction: 5 years later. Scand J Caring Sci. 2011;25:459466. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2010.00849.x
  325. Rossello X, Pocock SJ, Julian DG. Long-term use of cardiovascular drugs: challenges for research and for patient care. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:12731285. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.018
  326. Smedegaard L, Numé AK, Charlot M, Kragholm K, Gislason G, Hansen PR. Return to work and risk of subsequent detachment from employment after myocardial infarction: insights from Danish nationwide registries. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e006486. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006486
  327. Boudrez H, De Backer G. Recent findings on return to work after an acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass grafting. Acta Cardiol. 2000;55:341349. DOI: 10.2143/AC.55.6.2005765
  328. Mittag O, Kolenda KD, Nordman KJ, Bernien J, Maurischat C. Return to work after myocardial infarction/coronary artery bypass grafting: patients’ and physicians’ initial viewpoints and outcome 12 months later. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52:14411450. DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00250-1
  329. Sepehrvand N, Zheng Y, Armstrong PW, Welsh R, Goodman SG, Tymchak W, et al. Alignment of site versus adjudication committee-based diagnosis with patient outcomes: insights from the Providing Rapid Out of Hospital Acute Cardiovascular Treatment 3 trial. Clinical Trials. 2016;13:140148. DOI: 10.1177/1740774515601437
  330. McCarthy CP, Murphy S, Cohen JA, Rehman S, Jones-O’Connor M, Olshan DS, et al. Underutilization of cardiac rehabilitation for type 2 myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:20052007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.032
  331. Zeymer U, Goss F, Kunadt M, Oldenburg S, Hochadel M, Thiele H, et al. Patient knowledge about risk factors, achievement of target values, and guideline-adherent secondary prevention therapies 12 months after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2024;13:537545. DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuae066
  332. Hertz JT, Sakita FM, Manavalan P, Mmbaga BT, Thielman NM, Staton CA. Knowledge, attitudes, and preventative practices regarding ischemic heart disease among emergency department patients in northern Tanzania. Public Health. 2019;175:6067. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.06.017
  333. Gallagher R, Roach K, Belshaw J, Kirkness A, Sadler L, Warrington D. A pre-test post-test study of a brief educational intervention demonstrates improved knowledge of potential acute myocardial infarction symptoms and appropriate responses in cardiac rehabilitation patients. Aust Crit Care. 2013;26:4954. DOI: 10.1016/j.aucc.2012.01.002
  334. Redfern J, Hyun K, Chew DP, Astley C, Chow C, Aliprandi-Costa B, et al. Prescription of secondary prevention medications, lifestyle advice, and referral to rehabilitation among acute coronary syndrome inpatients: results from a large prospective audit in Australia and New Zealand. Heart. 2014;100:12811288. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305296
  335. Albarqouni L, Smenes K, Meinertz T, Schunkert H, Fang X, Ronel J, et al. Patients’ knowledge about symptoms and adequate behaviour during acute myocardial infarction and its impact on delay time: findings from the multicentre MEDEA study. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99:18451851. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.06.007
  336. Grace SL, Turk-Adawi KI, Contractor A, Atrey A, Campbell NR, Derman W, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation delivery model for low-resource settings: an International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation consensus statement. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;59:303322. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2016.08.004
  337. Chapman AR, Adamson PD, Shah ASV, Anand A, Strachan FE, Ferry AV, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin and the universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2020;141:161171. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042960
  338. Thygesen K, Jaffe AS. Adjusting the MI codes into the framework of the universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77:858860. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.003
  339. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:12041222. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
  340. Makuvire TT, Latif Z, Kumar P, Samad Z, Warraich HJ. Trends in ischemic heart disease among females in low-and middle-income countries from 1990 to 2019. Int J Cardiol. 2023;388:131113. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.06.004
  341. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937952. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9
  342. Beza L, Leslie SL, Alemayehu B, Gary R. Acute coronary syndrome treatment delay in low to middle-income countries: a systematic review. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2021;35:100823. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100823
  343. Rossello X, Gonzalez-Del-Hoyo M, Aktaa S, Gale CP, Barbash I, Claeys MJ, et al. European Society of Cardiology quality indicators for the management of acute coronary syndromes: developed in collaboration with the Association for Acute CardioVascular Care and the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions of the ESC. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2025;14:145154. DOI: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuaf014
  344. Kibirige D, Atuhe D, Kampiire L, Kiggundu DS, Donggo P, Nabbaale J, et al. Access to medicines and diagnostic tests integral in the management of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases in Uganda: insights from the ACCODAD study. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16:154. DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0651-6
  345. Zhan L, Masoudi FA, Li X, Hu S, Venkatesh AK, Spertus JA, et al. Trends in cardiac biomarker testing in China for patients with acute myocardial infarction, 2001 to 2011: China PEACE-retrospective AMI study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0122237. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122237
  346. Mehta S, Granger C, Grines CL, Jacobs A, Henry TD, Rokos I, et al. Confronting system barriers for ST- elevation MI in low and middle income countries with a focus on India. Indian Heart J. 2018;70:185190. DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.06.020
  347. Turk-Adawi K, Sarrafzadegan N, Fadhil I, Taubert K, Sadeghi M, Wenger NK, et al. Cardiovascular disease in the Eastern Mediterranean region: epidemiology and risk factor burden. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15:106119. DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.138
  348. Bueno H, Rossello X, Pocock S, Van de Werf F, Chin CT, Danchin N, et al. Regional variations in hospital management and post-discharge mortality in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Clin Res Cardiol. 2018;107:836844. DOI: 10.1007/s00392-018-1254-y
  349. Rossello X, Huo Y, Pocock S, Van de Werf F, Chin CT, Danchin N, et al. Global geographical variations in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction management and post-discharge mortality. Int J Cardiol. 2017;245:2734. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.07.039
  350. Xavier D, Pais P, Devereaux PJ, Xie C, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS, et al. Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes in India (CREATE): a prospective analysis of registry data. Lancet. 2008;371:14351442. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60623-6
  351. Mendis S, Thygesen K, Kuulasmaa K, Giampaoli S, Mahonen M, Ngu Blackett K, et al. World Health Organization definition of myocardial infarction: 2008-09 revision. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:139146. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyq165
  352. Carson JL, Brooks MM, Hebert PC, Goodman SG, Bertolet M, Glynn SA, et al. Restrictive or liberal transfusion strategy in myocardial infarction and anemia. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:24462456. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307983
  353. Chapman AR, Anand A, Boeddinghaus J, Ferry AV, Sandeman D, Adamson PD, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of early rule-out pathways for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2017;135:15861596. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025021
  354. Fearon WF, Zimmermann FM, De Bruyne B, Piroth Z, van Straten AHM, Szekely L, et al. Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI as compared with coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1281237. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2112299
  355. Kunadian V, Mossop H, Shields C, Bardgett M, Watts P, Teare MD, et al. Invasive treatment strategy for older patients with myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:16731684. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2407791
  356. Mueller C, Giannitsis E, Christ M, Ordonez-Llanos J, deFilippi C, McCord J, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a 0-hour/1-hour algorithm in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;68:7687.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.11.013
  357. Spitzer E, McFadden E, Vranckx P, Garcia-Garcia HM, Seltzer JH, Held C, et al. Critical appraisal of contemporary clinical endpoint definitions in coronary intervention trials: a guidance document. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12:805819. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2018.12.031
  358. Stone GW, Sabik JF, Serruys PW, Simonton CA, Genereux P, Puskas J, et al. Everolimus-eluting stents or bypass surgery for left main coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:22232235. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1610227
  359. Al-Zaiti SS, Martin-Gill C, Zegre-Hemsey JK, Bouzid Z, Faramand Z, Alrawashdeh MO, et al. Machine learning for ECG diagnosis and risk stratification of occlusion myocardial infarction. Nat Med. 2023;29:18041813. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02396-3
  360. Cho KH, Ji YH, Joo S, Chang M, Oh S, Lim Y, et al. Novel artificial intelligence model using electrocardiogram for detecting acute myocardial infarction needing revascularization. Eur Heart J Digit Health. 2025;6:608618. DOI: 10.1093/ehjdh/ztaf049
  361. Elias P, Jain SS, Poterucha T, Randazzo M, Lopez Jimenez F, Khera R, et al. Artificial intelligence for cardiovascular care—Part 1: Advances: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83:24722486. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.03.400
  362. Alizadehsani R, Khosravi A, Roshanzamir M, Abdar M, Sarrafzadegan N, Shafie D, et al. Coronary artery disease detection using artificial intelligence techniques: a survey of trends, geographical differences and diagnostic features 1991–2020. Comput Biol Med. 2021;128:104095. DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104095
  363. Dang QM, Psaltis PJ, Burgess S, Chandrasekhar J, Mukherjee S, Kritharides L, et al. The Australian-New Zealand spontaneous coronary artery dissection cohort study: predictors of major adverse cardiovascular events and recurrence. Eur Heart J. 2025;46:20122023. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf097
  364. DeFilippis AP, Abbott JD, Herbert BM, Bertolet MH, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. Restrictive versus liberal transfusion in patients with type 1 or type 2 myocardial infarction: a prespecified analysis of the MINT trial. Circulation. 2024;150:18261836. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.071208
  365. Chaitman BR, Alexander KP, Cyr DD, Berger JS, Reynolds HR, Bangalore S, et al. Myocardial infarction in the ISCHEMIA trial: impact of different definitions on incidence, prognosis, and treatment comparisons. Circulation. 2021;143:790804. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047987
  366. Gregson J, Stone GW, Ben-Yehuda O, Redfors B, Kandzari DE, Morice MC, et al. Implications of alternative definitions of peri-procedural myocardial infarction after coronary revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:16091621. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1578 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Page range: 64 - 64
Submitted on: Jul 31, 2026
Accepted on: Jul 31, 2026
Published on: Aug 28, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Nicholas L. Mills, L. Kristin Newby, Sarah Zaman, Wael A. Almahmeed, Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci, Monica M. Colvin, George D. Dangas, Holli A. DeVon, Rohan Dharmakumar, Thomas A. Gaziano, Derek J. Hausenloy, Mohamed Jeilan, Konstantinos C. Koskinas, Bertil Lindahl, Zuzana Motovska, Maria Rubini Gimenez, Ana María Salvati, Jacqueline E. Tamis-Holland, ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Universal Definition Document Advisory Group, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.