Table 1
The prevalence in all-aged number and age-standardized rates and EAPC of IDD attributable to CHD from 1990 to 2021.
| 1990 | 2021 | 1990, 2021 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NUMBER | ASPR PER 100,000 | NUMBER | ASPR PER 100,000 | EAPC | |
| NO.(95%UI) | NO.(95%UI) | NO.(95%UI) | NO.(95%UI) | NO.(95%CI) | |
| Global | 1002537.73 | 16.46 | 1049580.35 | 15.71 | –0.15 |
| (811930.51, 1182553.62) | (13.37, 19.41) | (827445.59, 1240229.06) | (12.36, 18.58) | (–0.16, –0.13) | |
| Sexes | |||||
| Male | 513943.45 | 16.37 | 532748.35 | 15.52 | –0.21 |
| (396318.50, 612334.24) | (12.62, 19.47) | (385978.16, 634998.34) | (11.20, 18.51) | (–0.23, –0.18) | |
| Female | 488594.28 | 16.54 | 516832.01 | 15.90 | –0.09 |
| (402710.53, 576742.50) | (13.67, 19.47) | (423295.83, 608027.42) | (12.95, 18.76) | (–0.12, –0.06) | |
| SDI regions | |||||
| Low SDI | 149796.67 | 17.06 | 260790.53 | 16.31 | –0.17 |
| (119233.36, 182693.05) | (13.73, 20.68) | (209008.92, 317620.92) | (13.12, 19.81) | (–0.20, –0.13) | |
| Low-middle SDI | 297693.01 | 17.83 | 325742.82 | 17.05 | –0.10 |
| (245028.59, 357986.02) | (14.72, 21.33) | (268253.40, 385252.99) | (14.02, 20.19) | (–0.13, –0.07) | |
| Middle SDI | 317594.27 | 16.15 | 279260.21 | 15.20 | –0.19 |
| (258423.84, 373609.97) | (13.18, 18.99) | (219974.67, 328415.93) | (11.88, 17.88) | (–0.20, –0.17) | |
| High-middle SDI | 146087.19 | 15.50 | 110225.35 | 14.37 | –0.26 |
| (102028.96, 174528.50) | (10.71, 18.53) | (68911.32, 131221.02) | (8.36, 17.18) | (–0.27, –0.25) | |
| High SDI | 90570.27 | 13.96 | 72795.31 | 12.26 | –0.40 |
| (41756.98, 110459.05) | (6.24, 17.10) | (30104.98, 91007.84) | (4.74, 15.38) | (–0.42, –0.38) | |
| Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia | |||||
| Central Asia | 21330.47 | 23.31 | 23420.43 | 23.64 | –0.10 |
| (16735.42, 26233.41) | (18.34, 28.54) | (15800.79, 28621.09) | (15.98, 28.87) | (–0.16, –0.04) | |
| Central Europe | 16822.77 | 17.89 | 9775.07 | 16.49 | –0.39 |
| (10490.13, 20321.48) | (10.96, 21.67) | (3275.42, 12078.44) | (5.01, 20.45) | (–0.43, –0.35) | |
| Eastern Europe | 30288.43 | 17.21 | 18349.22 | 16.67 | –0.24 |
| (15330.53, 36972.46) | (8.47, 21.15) | (8978.69, 22462.09) | (7.51, 20.58) | (–0.32, –0.17) | |
| High-income | |||||
| Australasia | 1228.86 | 7.81 | 1977.83 | 10.33 | 0.91 |
| (50.37, 1919.63) | (0.27, 12.28) | (709.34, 2707.04) | (3.49, 14.22) | (0.69, 1.13) | |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 13692.12 | 12.25 | 3831.45 | 4.99 | –2.63 |
| (2175.70, 18792.86) | (1.59, 16.77) | (92.30, 9172.51) | (0.08, 12.30) | (–2.80, –2.46) | |
| High-income North America | 29480.48 | 13.29 | 27740.47 | 12.75 | –0.13 |
| (14493.47, 35609.18) | (6.46, 16.04) | (11599.29, 33575.74) | (5.11, 15.49) | (–0.17, –0.09) | |
| Southern Latin America | 6486.64 | 12.70 | 5494.79 | 12.41 | –0.16 |
| (4311.16, 7760.74) | (8.43, 15.18) | (2413.07, 6796.30) | (5.23, 15.31) | (–0.22, –0.11) | |
| Western Europe | 40670.84 | 15.91 | 35786.54 | 14.58 | –0.25 |
| (23984.35, 48872.76) | (8.87, 19.30) | (18976.02, 43572.10) | (7.03, 17.97) | (–0.29, –0.21) | |
| Latin America and Caribbean | |||||
| Andean Latin America | 6851.93 | 13.54 | 8166.22 | 13.14 | –0.12 |
| (5494.05, 8242.19) | (10.85, 16.24) | (5349.00, 9924.15) | (8.51, 15.98) | (–0.13, –0.10) | |
| Caribbean | 5330.95 | 13.13 | 5050.24 | 12.76 | –0.14 |
| (3911.42, 6438.10) | (9.63, 15.84) | (3695.82, 6009.15) | (9.27, 15.17) | (–0.17, –0.12) | |
| Central Latin America | 30409.96 | 13.80 | 28151.34 | 13.54 | –0.10 |
| (16627.91, 36667.55) | (7.79, 16.64) | (13220.59, 34158.83) | (6.21, 16.39) | (–0.12, –0.08) | |
| Tropical Latin America | 22591.53 | 13.49 | 22009.09 | 12.38 | –0.28 |
| (17641.57, 26288.39) | (10.52, 15.70) | (14703.89, 26234.99) | (8.14, 14.76) | (–0.34, –0.23) | |
| North Africa and Middle East | |||||
| North Africa and Middle East | 91390.61 | 19.12 | 118705.17 | 19.46 | 0.00 |
| (76169.56, 106795.40) | (15.99, 22.33) | (98242.55, 137987.38) | (16.10, 22.61) | (–0.01, 0.02) | |
| South Asia | |||||
| South Asia | 284494.71 | 18.76 | 302255.84 | 18.78 | 0.12 |
| (234033.45, 343653.84) | (15.47, 22.59) | (252659.00, 357444.65) | (15.64, 22.30) | (0.07, 0.17) | |
| Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania | |||||
| East Asia | 175214.26 | 15.03 | 114036.91 | 13.24 | –0.41 |
| (134038.04, 209492.23) | (11.48, 18) | (72492.02, 136829.39) | (7.80, 15.95) | (–0.42, –0.40) | |
| Oceania | 1399.52 | 14.41 | 2703.74 | 14.32 | 0.01 |
| (1119.23, 1724.1) | (11.52, 17.71) | (2168.99, 3304.33) | (11.57, 17.48) | (0.00, 0.03) | |
| Southeast Asia | 269427.98 | 15.44 | 198567.55 | 13.70 | –0.41 |
| (217613.29, 319857.45) | (12.47, 18.33) | (147363.99, 236391.39) | (9.95, 16.35) | (–0.43, –0.40) | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | |||||
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 16246.22 | 16.08 | 31753.47 | 15.70 | –0.15 |
| (12133.45, 20999.06) | (12.01, 20.69) | (24669.51, 39613.37) | (12.26, 19.46) | (–0.25, –0.05) | |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 51790.63 | 14.87 | 84002.03 | 13.63 | –0.37 |
| (41544.61, 62514.65) | (12.11, 17.8) | (65804.55, 102424.93) | (10.70, 16.58) | (–0.40, –0.33) | |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 9101.38 | 12.66 | 10168.28 | 12.69 | –0.01 |
| (3580.61, 11254.39) | (5.08, 15.64) | (4284.54, 12483.75) | (5.30, 15.57) | (–0.02, 0.00) | |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 54901.22 | 15.77 | 114375.34 | 14.81 | –0.30 |
| (37501.04, 68432.67) | (10.94, 19.49) | (67482.28, 141019.43) | (8.84, 18.27) | (–0.34, –0.25) | |
[i] Abbreviation: EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; IDD, intellectual disability developmental; CHD, congenital heart disease; ASPR, age-standardized prevalence rates; UI, uncertainty intervals; CI, confidence intervals; SDI, social demographic index.
Table 2
The DALYs in all-aged number and age-standardized rates and EAPC of IDD attributable to CHD from 1990 to 2021.
| 1990 | 2021 | 1990–2021 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NUMBER | ASDR PER 100,000 | NUMBER | ASDR PER 100,000 | EAPC | |
| NO.(95%UI) | NO.(95%UI) | NO.(95%UI) | NO.(95%UI) | NO.(95%CI) | |
| Global | 35189.34 | 0.58 | 36029.73 | 0.53 | –0.35 |
| (23049.83, 53052.22) | (0.38, 0.88) | (23561.33, 53971.97) | (0.35, 0.80) | (–0.39, –0.31) | |
| Sexes | |||||
| Male | 17371.71 | 0.56 | 17652.08 | 0.51 | –0.41 |
| (11286.25, 26402.73) | (0.36, 0.85) | (11423.50, 26227.34) | (0.33, 0.76) | (–0.47, –0.35) | |
| Female | 17817.63 | 0.61 | 18377.66 | 0.56 | –0.29 |
| (11626.80, 26826.93) | (0.40, 0.91) | (12070.61, 27001.62) | (0.36, 0.83) | (–0.32, –0.25) | |
| SDI regions | |||||
| Low SDI | 5319.67 | 0.62 | 8748.91 | 0.56 | –0.47 |
| (3382.36, 8106.97) | (0.40, 0.95) | (5555.04, 13051.95) | (0.36, 0.83) | (–0.56, –0.39) | |
| Low-middle SDI | 12129.03 | 0.74 | 12554.82 | 0.66 | –0.36 |
| (7812.45, 18064.54) | (0.47, 1.09) | (8173.63, 18321.98) | (0.43, 0.96) | (–0.40, –0.32) | |
| Middle SDI | 10966.54 | 0.56 | 9373.63 | 0.49 | –0.44 |
| (7114.14, 16474.67 | (0.36, 0.84) | (6103.31, 14033.70) | (0.32, 0.74) | (–0.46, –0.42) | |
| High-middle SDI | 4188.35 | 0.44 | 3252.76 | 0.39 | –0.47 |
| (2545.11, 6433.86) | (0.27, 0.67) | (1939.47, 4977.61) | (0.23, 0.61) | (–0.51, –0.42) | |
| High SDI | 2561.48 | 0.38 | 2076.88 | 0.32 | –0.55 |
| (1575.54, 3856.20) | (0.23, 0.57) | (1250.19, 3183.16) | (0.19, 0.49) | (–0.61, –0.50) | |
| Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia | |||||
| Central Asia | 618.59 | 0.69 | 658.80 | 0.67 | –0.38 |
| (359.13, 947.65) | (0.40, 1.05) | (364.27, 998.96) | (0.37, 1.01) | (–0.53, –0.22) | |
| Central Europe | 458.93 | 0.47 | 244.76 | 0.39 | –0.84 |
| (254.10, 724.48) | (0.26, 0.76) | (121.30, 402.01) | (0.19, 0.65) | (–0.90, –0.78) | |
| Eastern Europe | 752.92 | 0.41 | 488.80 | 0.41 | –0.34 |
| (402.64, 1224.68) | (0.22, 0.68) | (256.33, 780.35) | (0.21, 0.66) | (–0.52, –0.16) | |
| High-income | |||||
| Australasia | 19.23 | 0.12 | 51.42 | 0.25 | 2.49 |
| (3.64, 40.20) | (0.02, 0.25) | (26.51, 85.12) | (0.13, 0.43) | (2.01, 2.98) | |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 364.45 | 0.30 | 104.70 | 0.10 | –3.31 |
| (153.80, 609.23) | (0.12, 0.50) | (6.21, 240.84) | (0.00, 0.25) | (–3.38, –3.23) | |
| High-income North America | 847.21 | 0.37 | 820.25 | 0.36 | –0.14 |
| (546.3, 1283.54) | (0.24, 0.57) | (534.09, 1221.89) | (0.23, 0.54) | (–0.18, –0.10) | |
| Southern Latin America | 190.73 | 0.37 | 157.49 | 0.34 | –0.44 |
| (119.48, 289.24) | (0.23, 0.57) | (99.81, 234.34) | (0.22, 0.51) | (–0.55, –0.33) | |
| Western Europe | 1307.60 | 0.47 | 1118.73 | 0.40 | –0.49 |
| (810.90, 1944.45) | (0.29, 0.71) | (679.55, 1684.22) | (0.23, 0.62) | (–0.54, –0.44) | |
| Latin America and Caribbean | |||||
| Andean Latin America | 196.10 | 0.40 | 229.95 | 0.37 | –0.34 |
| (113.06, 301.73) | (0.23, 0.61) | (122.57, 356.82) | (0.19, 0.57) | (–0.36, –0.32) | |
| Caribbean | 139.73 | 0.35 | 136.19 | 0.34 | –0.17 |
| (68.59, 219.31) | (0.17, 0.55) | (70.19, 215.28) | (0.17, 0.54) | (–0.20, –0.14) | |
| Central Latin America | 769.76 | 0.36 | 723.71 | 0.34 | –0.29 |
| (417.02, 1246.56) | (0.20, 0.58) | (376.24, 1167.37) | (0.17, 0.55) | (–0.36, –0.22) | |
| Tropical Latin America | 643.27 | 0.39 | 582.12 | 0.32 | –0.69 |
| (379.71, 1002.05) | (0.23, 0.60) | (315.37, 897.37) | (0.17, 0.49) | (–0.77, –0.60) | |
| North Africa and Middle East | |||||
| North Africa and Middle East | 3486.28 | 0.75 | 4518.12 | 0.74 | –0.18 |
| (2228.27, 5275.79) | (0.48, 1.13) | (2922.01, 6708.96) | (0.48, 1.10) | (–0.22, –0.14) | |
| South Asia | |||||
| South Asia | 12792.22 | 0.85 | 13674.81 | 0.84 | 0.07 |
| (8259.77, 18737.62) | (0.55, 1.24) | (8880.17, 19863.14) | (0.55, 1.22) | (0.01, 0.12) | |
| Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania | |||||
| East Asia | 5101.82 | 0.43 | 3283.37 | 0.35 | –0.80 |
| (2977.15, 7867.67) | (0.25, 0.67) | (1870.56, 5046.48) | (0.19, 0.55) | (–0.86, –0.75) | |
| Oceania | 42.45 | 0.45 | 79.41 | 0.43 | –0.04 |
| (25.64, 66.86) | (0.27, 0.71) | (47.49, 121.79) | (0.26, 0.66) | (–0.08, –0.01) | |
| Southeast Asia | 3631.19 | 0.64 | 2594.60 | 0.44 | –1.25 |
| (2355.78, 5378.91) | (0.42, 0.95) | (1669.25, 3901.14) | (0.28, 0.67) | (–1.30, –1.19) | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | |||||
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 425.05 | 0.43 | 883.37 | 0.44 | –0.14 |
| (238.38, 703.53) | (0.25, 0.71) | (507.97, 1456.81) | (0.26, 0.73) | (–0.42, 0.13) | |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 1662.69 | 0.50 | 2441.84 | 0.40 | –0.93 |
| (1027.54, 2590.90) | (0.31, 0.76) | (1452.09, 3747.40) | (0.24, 0.62) | (–1.03, –0.84) | |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 213.83 | 0.31 | 253.61 | 0.32 | 0.06 |
| (109.52, 354.79) | (0.16, 0.51) | (132.57, 406.14) | (0.16, 0.51) | (0.04, 0.08) | |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 1525.27 | 0.46 | 2983.68 | 0.40 | –0.67 |
| (894.79, 2442.61) | (0.27, 0.72) | (1646.61, 4747.87) | (0.22, 0.63) | (–0.77, –0.57) | |
[i] Abbreviation: DALYs, disability–adjusted life years; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; IDD, intellectual developmental disability; CHD, congenital heart disease; ASDR, age-standardized DALYs rates; UI, uncertainty intervals; CI, confidence intervals; SDI, social demographic index.
Figure 1
Global prevalence rates, DALYs rates, prevalence EAPC, and DALYs EAPC of IDD attributable to CHD across 204 countries and territories. (A) Prevalence rates (per 100,000) in 2021; (B) DALYs rates (per 100,000) in 2021; (C) EAPC of prevalence from 1990 to 2021; (D) EAPC of DALYs from 1990 to 2021. Abbreviations: DALYs, disability-adjusted life years; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; IDD, intellectual developmental disability; CHD, congenital heart disease; NA, not available.
Figure 2
Global prevalence and DALY of different levels of IDD attributable to CHD across ten age subgroups and both sexes in 2021. (A) Prevalence number (thousand); (B) DALY number (thousand); (C) Prevalence rates (per 100,000); (D) DALY rates (per 100,000). Abbreviations: DALY, disability-adjusted life years; IDD, intellectual developmental disability; CHD, congenital heart disease.
Figure 3
Economic cost of IDD attributable to CHD in 2021. (A) Direct costs in 2021 ($ million); (B) Indirect costs in 2021 ($ million). Abbreviations: IDD, intellectual developmental disability; CHD, congenital heart disease; NA, not available.