References
- Roth GA, Johnson C, Abajobir A, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abyu G, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(1):1–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052
- Loria CM, Liu K, Lewis CE, Hulley SB, Sidney S, Schreiner PJ, et al. Early adult risk factor levels and subsequent coronary artery calcification: the CARDIA Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(20):2013–2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.009
- Bansal N, Lin F, Vittinghoff E, Peralta C, Lima J, Kramer H, et al. Estimated GFR and subsequent higher left ventricular mass in young and middle-aged adults with normal kidney function: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;67(2):227–234. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.06.024
- Chang A, Van Horn L, Jacobs DR, Liu K, Muntner P, Newsome B, et al. Lifestyle-related factors, obesity, and incident microalbuminuria: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2013;62(2):267–275. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.02.363
- Perak AM, Ning H, Khan SS, Bundy JD, Allen NB, Lewis CE, et al. Associations of late adolescent or young adult cardiovascular health with premature cardiovascular disease and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 8;76(23):2695–2707. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.002
- Allen NB, Siddique J, Wilkins JT, Shay C, Lewis CE, Goff DC, et al. Blood pressure trajectories in early adulthood and subclinical atherosclerosis in middle age. JAMA. 2014;311(5):490–497. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.285122
- Domanski MJ, Tian X, Wu CO, Reis JP, Dey AK, Gu Y, et al. Time course of LDL cholesterol exposure and cardiovascular disease event risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(13):1507–1516. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.059
- Elfassy T, Zhang L, Raij L, Bibbins-Domingo K, Lewis CE, Allen NB, et al. Results of the CARDIA study suggest that higher dietary potassium may be kidney protective. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):187–194. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.02.037
- Lloyd-Jones DM, Lewis CE, Schreiner PJ, Shikany JM, Sidney S, Reis JP. The Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) Study: JACC Focus Seminar 8/8. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(3):260–277. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.022
- Devereux RB, Alderman MH. Role of preclinical cardiovascular disease in the evolution from risk factor exposure to development of morbid events. Circulation. 1993;88(4 Pt 1):1444–1455. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.88.4.1444
- McNairy ML, Tymejczyk O, Rivera V, Seo G, Dorélien A, Peck M, et al. High burden of non-communicable diseases among a young slum population in Haiti. J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med. 2019;96(6):797–812. DOI: 10.1007/s11524-019-00368-y
- Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021–3104. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
- Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, Rebholz CM, et al. 2021 Dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;144(23):e472–e487. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031
- Kwapong YA, Boakye E, Khan SS, Honigberg MC, Martin SS, Oyeka CP, et al. Association of depression and poor mental health with cardiovascular disease and suboptimal cardiovascular health among young adults in the United States. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(3):
e028332 . DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.122.028332 - Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128(Suppl 5):S213–S256. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-2107C
- Kokkinos PF, Narayan P, Colleran JA, Pittaras A, Notargiacomo A, Reda D, et al. Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men with severe hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(22):1462–1467. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199511303332204
- Cavero-Redondo I, Saz-Lara A, Sequí-Dominguez I, Gómez-Guijarro MD, Ruiz-Grao MC, Martinez-Vizcaino V, et al. Comparative effect of eHealth interventions on hypertension management-related outcomes: A network meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 2021;124:104085. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104085
- Shamsi SA, Salehzadeh M, Ghavami H, Asl RG, Vatani KK. Impact of lifestyle interventions on reducing dietary sodium intake and blood pressure in patients with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. Turk Kardiyol Dernegi Arsivi Turk Kardiyol Derneginin Yayin Organidir. 2021;49(2):143–150. DOI: 10.5543/tkda.2021.81669
- Lookens J, Tymejczyk O, Rouzier V, Smith C, Preval F, Joseph I, et al. The Haiti cardiovascular disease cohort: study protocol for a population-based longitudinal cohort. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1633. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09734-x
- Pape JW, Severe PD, Fitzgerald DW, Deschamps MM, Joseph P, Riviere C, et al. The Haiti research-based model of international public health collaboration: the GHESKIO Centers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999. 2014;65(1):S5–S9. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000031
- CARDIA Coordinating Center. CARDIA Salt Use and Overall Diet Questionnaire. Available from:
https://www.cardia.dopm.uab.edu/images/more/pdf/dcfy20/Form%2079%20-%20Dietary%20Practices%202005-04-29.pdf Birmingham, AL: CARDIA Coordinating Center; 2017. - WHO STEPS Surveillance Manual: THE WHO STEPwise approach to noncummunicable disease risk factor surveillance. Accessed from:
http://www.who.int/chp/steps/manual/en/index3.html Geneva: WHO. 2020. - Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–2572. DOI: 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560
- Liz S. New AHA recommendations for blood pressure measurement: American Heart Association Practice Guidelines. American Family Physician. 2005;72(7):1391–1398. DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2005.04097.x
- Moore JF, Sharer JD. Methods for quantitative creatinine determination. Curr Protoc Hum Genet. 2017;93:A.3O.1–A.3O.7. DOI: 10.1002/cphg.38
- Jacobs DR, Murtaugh MA, Steffes M, Yu X, Roseman J, Goetz FC. Gender- and race-specific determination of albumin excretion rate using albumin-to-creatinine ratio in single, untimed urine specimens: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155(12):1114–1119. DOI: 10.1093/aje/155.12.1114
- Lee YH, Kweon SS, Choi JS, Rhee JA, Nam HS, Jeong SK, et al. Determining the optimal cut-off value of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio to detect atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2012;36(1):290–300. DOI: 10.1159/000343418
- Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8(7):657–665. DOI: 10.1016/0895-7061(95)00116-7
- Friis-Møller N, Thiébaut R, Reiss P, Weber R, Monforte AD, De Wit S, et al. Predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients: the data collection on adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil Off J Eur Soc Cardiol Work Groups Epidemiol Prev Card Rehabil Exerc Physiol. 2010;17(5):491–501. DOI: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e328336a150
- Mosca S, Araújo G, Costa V, Correia J, Bandeira A, Martins E, et al. Dyslipidemia diagnosis and treatment: risk stratification in children and adolescents. J Nutr Metab. 2022;2022:4782344. DOI: 10.1155/2022/4782344
- Webber LS, Osganian V, Luepker RV, Feldman HA, Stone EJ, Elder JP, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors among third grade children in four regions of the United States. The CATCH Study. Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141(5):428–439. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117445
- Patel RB, Colangelo LA, Reis JP, Lima JAC, Shah SJ, Lloyd-Jones DM. Association of longitudinal trajectory of albuminuria in young adulthood with myocardial structure and function in later life: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5(2):184–192. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.4867
- Magid HSA, Milliren CE, Rice K, Molanphy N, Ruiz K, Gooding HC, et al. Adolescent individual, school, and neighborhood influences on young adult hypertension risk. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(4):
e0266729 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266729 - Roberts NLS, Sufra R, Yan LD, St Sauveur R, Inddy J, Macius Y, et al. Neighborhood social vulnerability and premature cardiovascular disease in Haiti. JAMA Cardiol. 2024;9(8):692–701. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2024.1286
- Zhou H, Zhang H, Zhan Q, Bai Y, Liu S, Yang X, et al. Blood pressure trajectories in early adulthood and myocardial structure and function in later life. ESC Heart Fail. 2022;9(2):1258–1268. DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13803
- Zhang Y, An J, Reynolds K, Safford MM, Muntner P, Moran AE. Trends of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, awareness, and screening among young adults in the US, 2003–2020. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7(10):1079–1080. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2022.2641
- Zhang Y, An J, Reynolds K, Safford MM, Muntner P, Moran AE. Trends of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, awareness, and screening among young adults in the US, 2003–2020. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7(10):1079–1080. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2022.2641
- Zhang Y, Vittinghoff E, Pletcher MJ, Allen NB, Zeki Al Hazzouri A, Yaffe K, et al. Associations of blood pressure and cholesterol levels during young adulthood with later cardiovascular events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(3):330–341. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.529
- Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(29):2315–2381. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106
- Fortuna RJ, Robbins BW, Halterman JS. Ambulatory care among young adults in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(6):379–385. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-6-200909150-00002
