Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Burden and Predictors of Statin Use for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Bangladesh: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey Cover

Burden and Predictors of Statin Use for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Bangladesh: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey

Global Heart
Volume 20 (2025): Issue 1
By: Shehab Uddin Al Abid,  Md Mostafa Monower,  Ahmad K. Abrar,  Jannat A. Riva,  Mahfuzur Rahman Bhuiyan,  Mohammad Abdullah Al-Mamun and  Sohel Reza Choudhury  
Open Access
|Mar 2025

References

  1. 1World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 3]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
    Back to article
  2. 2GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Lond Engl. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1151–1210.
    Back to article
  3. 3Armitage J, Baigent C, Barnes E, Betteridge DJ, Blackwell L, Blazing M, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials. The Lancet. 2019;393(10170):407–415. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31942-1
    Back to article
  4. 4Collins R, Reith C, Emberson J, Armitage J, Baigent C, Blackwell L, et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. The Lancet. 2016;388(10059):2532–2561. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31357-5
    Back to article
  5. 5World Health Organization. WHO package of essential noncommunicable (PEN) disease interventions for primary health care [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 3]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240009226
    Back to article
  6. 6Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(24):3168–3209. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002
    Back to article
  7. 7Yusuf S, Islam S, Chow CK, Rangarajan S, Dagenais G, Diaz R, et al. Use of secondary prevention drugs for cardiovascular disease in the community in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (the PURE Study): A prospective epidemiological survey. The Lancet. 2011;378(9798):1231–1243. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61215-4
    Back to article
  8. 8Wong ND, Young D, Zhao Y, Nguyen H, Caballes J, Khan I, et al. Prevalence of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association statin eligibility groups, statin use, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol control in US adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(5):1109–1118. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.06.011
    Back to article
  9. 9Marcus ME, Manne-Goehler J, Theilmann M, Farzadfar F, Moghaddam SS, Keykhaei M, et al. Use of statins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in 41 low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10(3):e369–79. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00551-9
    Back to article
  10. 10Chow CK, Nguyen TN, Marschner S, Diaz R, Rahman O, Avezum A, et al. Availability and affordability of medicines and cardiovascular outcomes in 21 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 4]; Available from: https://gh.bmj.com/content/5/11/e002640.long. DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002640
    Back to article
  11. 11World Population Review. Bangladesh Population 2024 (Live) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 4]. Available from: https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/bangladesh
    Back to article
  12. 12Islam SMS, Uddin R, Das S, Ahmed SI, Zaman SB, Alif SM, et al. The burden of diseases and risk factors in Bangladesh, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(12):e1931–e1942. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00432-1
    Back to article
  13. 13World Health Organization. Bangladesh – STEPS 2018 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 1]. Available from: https://extranet.who.int/ncdsmicrodata/index.php/catalog/770
    Back to article
  14. 14Monower MM, Abid SUA, Abrar AK, Choudhury SR. Salt intake across the hypertension care cascade in the Bangladeshi adult population: A nationally representative cross-sectional study. 2024 [cited 2024 Sep 1]; Available from: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/4/e081913.long#ref-12. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081913
    Back to article
  15. 15Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499–502. DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499
    Back to article
  16. 16Kaptoge S, Pennells L, De Bacquer D, Cooney MT, Kavousi M, Stevens G, et al. World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: Revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(10):e1332–1345.
    Back to article
  17. 17CRAN R. Jaeger B. PooledCohort: Predicted Risk for CVD using Pooled Cohort Equations, PREVENT Equations, and Other Contemporary CVD Risk Calculators [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Sep 5]. p. 0.0.2. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=PooledCohort. DOI: 10.32614/CRAN.package.PooledCohort
    Back to article
  18. 18Thompson WD, Walter SD. A reappraisal of the kappa coefficient. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(10):949–958. DOI: 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90031-5
    Back to article
  19. 19Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159–174. DOI: 10.2307/2529310
    Back to article
  20. 20Zou G. A Modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(7):702–706. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwh090
    Back to article
  21. 21Mortensen MB, Nordestgaard BG. Comparison of five major guidelines for statin use in primary prevention in a contemporary general population. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(2):85. DOI: 10.7326/M17-0681
    Back to article
  22. 22Pencina MJ, Navar-Boggan AM, D’Agostino RB, Williams K, Neely B, Sniderman AD, et al. Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1422–1431. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1315665
    Back to article
  23. 23National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106(25):3143–3421. DOI: 10.1161/circ.106.25.3143
    Back to article
  24. 24Nanna MG, Wang TY, Xiang Q, Goldberg AC, Robinson JG, Roger VL, et al. Sex differences in the use of statins in community practice: patient and provider assessment of lipid management registry. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019;12(8):e005562. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.005562
    Back to article
  25. 25NHLBI, NIH. Blood Cholesterol – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 10]. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/blood-cholesterol/diagnosis
    Back to article
  26. 26Kanaya AM, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, Ewing SK, Liu K, Blaha MJ, et al. Understanding the high prevalence of diabetes in U.S. south Asians compared with four racial/ethnic groups: The MASALA and MESA studies. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(6):1621–1628. DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2656
    Back to article
  27. 27Mach F, Ray KK, Wiklund O, Corsini A, Catapano AL, Bruckert E, et al. Adverse effects of statin therapy: Perception vs. the evidence – focus on glucose homeostasis, cognitive, renal and hepatic function, haemorrhagic stroke and cataract. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(27):2526–2539. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy182
    Back to article
  28. 28Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ, Drexel H, et al. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(39):2999–3058. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw272
    Back to article
  29. 29Butalia S, Lee-Krueger RCW, McBrien KA, Leung AAC, Anderson TJ, Quan H, et al. Barriers and facilitators to using statins: A qualitative study with patients and family physicians. CJC Open. 2020;2(6):530–538. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.07.002
    Back to article
  30. 30Khatib R, McKee M, Shannon H, Chow C, Rangarajan S, Teo K, et al. Availability and affordability of cardiovascular disease medicines and their effect on use in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: An analysis of the PURE study data. Lancet Lond Engl. 2016;387(10013):61–69. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00469-9
    Back to article
  31. 31Hafferty JD, Campbell AI, Navrady LB, Adams MJ, MacIntyre D, Lawrie SM, et al. Self-reported medication use validated through record linkage to national prescribing data. J Clin Epidemiol. 2018;94:132–142. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.10.013
    Back to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1412 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Submitted on: Oct 18, 2024
Accepted on: Feb 24, 2025
Published on: Mar 12, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
statins,
cardiovascular disease,
Bangladesh,
Primary prevention,
ACC/AHA,
WHO

© 2025 Shehab Uddin Al Abid, Md Mostafa Monower, Ahmad K. Abrar, Jannat A. Riva, Mahfuzur Rahman Bhuiyan, Mohammad Abdullah Al-Mamun, Sohel Reza Choudhury, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 20 (2025): Issue 1Next article