Figure 1
Schematic representation of MR analysis. MR, Mendelian randomization.
Figure 2
Causal effects of renal function on cardiovascular diseases.
IVW, Inverse variance weighted; SM, Simple Mode; WME, Weighted Median Estimator; WMo, Weighted Mode.
Figure 3
A. Causal effects of BUN on cardiac outcomes. B. Causal effects of UACR on cardiac outcomes. C. Causal effects of cardiac outcomes on CKD. D. Multivariable MR analysis of the causal effects between renal function and Cardiac Outcomes after adjusting for risk factors.
AF, Atrial Fibrillation; BUN, Blood Urea Nitrogen; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease; eGFR, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; UACR, Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio.
Figure 4
Causal effects of cardiovascular diseases on renal function using reverse MR.
BUN, Blood Urea Nitrogen; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease; eGFR, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; UACR, Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio.
Figure 5
Causal effects of renal function on cardiac structure and function.
Asc Aorta Diam, Ascending aorta diameter; BUN, Blood Urea Nitrogen; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease; eGFR, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; LA Max, Left atrial maximum volume; LATEF, Left atrial total ejection fraction; LVEDV, Left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV, Left ventricular end systolic volume; LV Mass, Left ventricular mass; LVSV, Left ventricular stroke volume; Prox PA Diam, Proximal pulmonary artery diameter; RA FAC, Right atrial fractional area change; RA Max, Right atrial maximum area; RA Min, Right atrial minimum area; RVEDV, Right ventricular end diastolic volume; RVEF, Right ventricular ejection fraction; RVESV, Right ventricular end systolic volume; RVSV, Right ventricular systolic volume; UACR, Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio.
| AF | Atrial Fibrillation |
| Asc Aorta Diam | Ascending Aorta Diameter |
| BMI | Body Mass Index |
| BUN | Blood Urea Nitrogen |
| CAD | Coronary Artery Disease |
| CKD | Chronic Kidney Disease |
| CMR | Cardiac Magnetic Resonance |
| CVD | Cardiovascular Disease |
| DBP | Diastolic Blood Pressure |
| eGFR | Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate |
| GWAS | Genome-Wide Association Studies |
| HDL | High Density Lipoprotein |
| HF | Heart Failure |
| IVs | Instrumental Variables |
| IVW | Inverse Variance Weighted |
| LA Max | Left Atrial Maximum Volume |
| LATEF | Left Atrial Total Ejection Fraction |
| LDL | Low Density Lipoprotein |
| LV Mass | Left Ventricular Mass |
| LVEDV | Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume |
| LVESV | Left Ventricular End-Systolic Volume |
| LVEF | Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction |
| LVSV | Left Ventricular Stroke Volume |
| MI | Myocardial Infarction |
| MR | Mendelian Randomization |
| OR | Odds Ratio |
| PA Aorta ratio | Pulmonary Artery-to-Aorta Diameter Ratio |
| Prox PA Diam | Proximal Pulmonary Artery Diameter |
| RA FAC | Right Atrial Fractional Area Change |
| RA Max | Right Atrial Maximum Area |
| RA Min | Right Atrial Minimum Area |
| RCT | Randomized Controlled Trials |
| RVEDV | Right Ventricular End-Diastolic Volume |
| RVESV | Right Ventricular End-Systolic Volume |
| RVESV LVESV ratio | Ratio of Right Ventricular End-Systolic to Left Ventricular End-Systolic Volume |
| RVEF | Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction |
| RVSV | Right Ventricular Stroke Volume |
| SBP | Systolic Blood Pressure |
| SM | Simple Mode |
| SNPs | Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms |
| TG | Triglycerides |
| UACR | Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio |