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Insects in the Mail, a Quantitative Analysis of Charles Robertson’s Scientific Correspondence Cover

Insects in the Mail, a Quantitative Analysis of Charles Robertson’s Scientific Correspondence

Open Access
|Jul 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Partial view of a list of specimens with handwriting by Robertson (black ink and pencil) and E. T. Cresson (red ink). Charles Robertson Papers, Box 1, Folder: General Correspondence, Record series 43/5/21, University of Illinois Archives.

Table 1

Robertson’s correspondents. *Acknowledged in Flowers and Insects (Robertson, 1928a).

CORRESPONDENT NAMEITEM TYPESDATE RANGEDURATION (YEARS)
Aldrich, John Merton (1866–1934)*letter, list19191
Ashmead, William Harris (1855–1908)*letter, list1892–190110
Banks, Nathan (1868–1953)*letter, list19191
Beamer, Raymond Hill (1889–1957)letter, list19271
Coquillett, Daniel William (1856–1911)*letter, list1891–190111
Crawford, James Chamberlain (1880–1950)*letter, list1927–19282
Cresson, Ezra Townsend (1838–1926)*letter, list1887–18882
Curran, Charles Howard (1894–1972)letter, list19231
Cushman, Robert Asa (1880–1957)*letter, list, publication19201
Fox, William Joseph (1872–1947)*letter, list1892–18965
French, George Hazen (1841–1935)*list18921
Frost, Charles Albert (1872–1962)*letter, list1919–19213
Henshaw, Samuel (1852–1941)*list, postcard18881
Howard, Leland Ossian (1857–1950)*letter18931
Hungerford, Herbert Barker (1885–1963)letter19271
Johnson, Charles Willison (1863–1932)*list18951
Liebeck, Charles K. (1863–1947)*list18961
Malloch, John Russell (1875–1963)*letter, postcard1917–192812
McAtee, Waldo Lee (1883–1962)letter, publication1916–19205
Osborn, Herbert (1856–1954)list18901
Parker, Ralph R. (1888–1949)*letter, list19191
Parshley, Howard Madison (1884–1953)*letter, list19191
Rohwer, Sievert Allen (1887–1951)*letter, list, publication1918–19203
Sandhouse, Grace Adelbert (1896–1940)letter19251
Skinner, Henry (1861–1926)list18961
Townsend, Charles Henry Tyler (1863–1944)*letter, list, postcard1891–190717
Viereck, Henry Lorenz (1881–1931)letter19051
Williston, Samuel Wendell (1851–1918)*letter, list1887–18893
Figure 2

Correspondence timeline. Dots represent years for which there are named and dated correspondence and/or lists of specimens sent. There is a relative lack of records dated between 1901 and 1916. Little is known of Robertson’s life at this time except that he was chair of biology at Blackburn from 1898 through 1909 (Walker, 1911).

Figure 3

Unique specimen numbers per order.

Figure 4

Number of correspondents specimens were sent to. Most specimens (75%) were sent to a single correspondent (square 1), but 25% were sent to two or more correspondents (squares 2–5). Specimens counted by specimen identification number. Specific counts and percentages provided in Table 2.

Table 2

Specimens sent per order. Although the correspondence references 3,205 specimen numbers, 15 of those were assigned to two different orders, bringing the total by order to 3,220. A table of those 15 is provided in the published dataset.

ORDERSSENT TO 1SENT TO 2SENT TO 3SENT TO 4SENT TO 5DISTINCT SPECIMENSTOTAL SENT
Diptera1,16150341611,7122,319
Hymenoptera1,1521941610111,3831,683
Coleoptera7231103134
Hemiptera121212
Lepidoptera101010
Total2,4077285716123,2204,158
Percentage74.75%22.61%1.77%0.50%0.37%
Figure 5

Specimens to correspondents sankey diagram. Totals represent count of specimen numbers. Specimen numbers are counted once per correspondent. Specimens are counted more than once per order if they were sent to multiple correspondents.

Language: English
Page range: 26 - 26
Submitted on: Oct 24, 2025
Accepted on: Jun 29, 2026
Published on: Jul 17, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2026 Sandi Caldrone, Marcella Lees, Bethany G. Anderson, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.