Figure 1
We mapped barriers to the use of open science practices to four stages of the scientific life cycle—study design and tracking, data collection, outreach, and publication—based on pre-existing literature, an informal survey, and discussions among diverse early career researchers. Importantly, there are many open science practices not considered in our study that may also influence more widespread uptake of OS (e.g. crowdfunding, open conferences, public outreach).
Figure 2
Thirty-three early-career researchers from 14 countries responded to an online survey on barriers to adoption of Open Science practices. This survey was broken into nine sections, with each section focusing on one OS practice. The first question in each section asked respondents to provide a Likert score for their knowledge of that practice. Scores ranged from 1 (“I’ve never heard of ____”) to 5 (“I am an expert on ____”). Scores are shown by OS practice as average ± standard deviation (top panel) and for individual respondents (bottom panel).
Figure 3
Thirty-three early-career researchers from 14 countries responded to an online survey on barriers to adoption of Open Science practices. This survey was broken into nine sections, with each section focusing on one OS practice. The second question in each section asked respondents whether they used that OS practice in their research and/or (if relevant) their teaching. In some cases responding ‘yes’ to this question required that the respondent had actively participated in OS (e.g., published in Open Access journals). In others (e.g., ‘Open Data’, ‘Open Hardware’), the respondent was asked if they used and/or created that type of OS resource.