iNaturalist as a Tool to Improve Agroecological Biodiversity Knowledge: An Ecuadorian Case Study

Agricultural landscapes are key drivers of biodiversity change but they remain underrepresented in citizen science initiatives, particularly in tropical regions. This study evaluates the potential of citizen science to support biodiversity monitoring and learning processes within agricultural systems through the Agri Andes Ecuador project, the first iNaturalist initiative in the country focused on agricultural biodiversity. Between July 2019 and December 2023, we documented plant–insect interactions and broader biodiversity across agricultural landscapes above 2,000 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.), combining training activities, bioblitzes, and workshops to engage students, farmers, and institutional actors. The project generated 32,457 observations of 2,630 species, primarily plants (51.5%) and insects (39.3%), contributed by a diverse community of observers and identifiers. Results demonstrate that citizen science can produce ecologically meaningful data, including insights into plant–insect relationships, with 21 insect species associated with 27 plant species. Bioblitz events significantly increased participation and observations, although variability in sampling approaches influenced data consistency. Participation was largely driven by students, while farmer engagement remained limited, highlighting the need for context-sensitive approaches addressing barriers such as connectivity and digital access. Beyond data collection, the project fostered processes of knowledge co-production, enabling participants to observe and interpret ecological interactions, potentially reshaping their understanding of insects in agroecosystems. Overall, our findings suggest that citizen science can bridge biodiversity monitoring and social learning in agricultural contexts, supporting more informed and sustainable management practices.