References
- 1Adams, J., Goffe, L., Brown, T., Lake, A.A., Summerbell, C., White, M., Wrieden, W. and Adamson, A.J. (2015) Frequency and socio-demographic correlates of eating meals out and take-away meals at home: cross-sectional analysis of the UK national diet and nutrition survey, waves 1–4 (2008–12). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), pp. 1–9. 10.1186/s12966-015-0210-8
- 2Anhalt-Depies, C., Berland, M., Rickenbach, M.G., Bemowski, R. and Rissman, A.R. (2022) Use of latent profile analysis to characterise patterns of participation in crowdsourcing. Behaviour & Information Technology, pp. 1–9. 10.1080/0144929X.2022.2081820
- 3Anhalt-Depies, C., Stenglein, J.L., Zuckerberg, B., Townsend, P.A. and Rissman, A.R. (2019) Tradeoffs and tools for data quality, privacy, transparency, and trust in citizen science. Biological Conservation, 238, p.
108195 . 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108195 - 4Arienzo, M.M., Collins, M. and Jennings, K.S. (2021) Enhancing engagement of citizen scientists to monitor precipitation phase. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9, p.
617594 . 10.3389/feart.2021.617594 - 5Asah, S.T. and Blahna, D.J. (2013) Practical implications of understanding the influence of motivations on commitment to voluntary urban conservation stewardship. Conservation Biology, 27(4), pp. 866–875. 10.1111/cobi.12058
- 6August, T.A., West, S.E., Robson, H., Lyon, J., Huddart, J., Velasquez, L.F. and Thornhill, I. (2019) Citizen meets social science: predicting volunteer involvement in a global freshwater monitoring experiment. Freshwater Science, 38(2), pp. 321–331. 10.1086/703416
- 7Ballard, H.L., Robinson, L.D., Young, A.N., Pauly, G.B., Higgins, L.M., Johnson, R.F. and Tweddle, J.C. (2017) Contributions to conservation outcomes by natural history museum-led citizen science: Examining evidence and next steps. Biological Conservation, 208, pp.87–97. 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.040
- 8Barnett, J., Corbett, E. and Thornhill, I. (in preparation) Lessons learned about eating out with food hypersensitivities from a citizen science pilot. Allergy.
- 9Barnett, J., Vasileiou, K. and Lucas, J.S. (2020) Conversations about food allergy risk with restaurant staff when eating out: A customer perspective. Food Control, 108, p.
106858 . 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106858 - 10Boakes, E.H., Gliozzo, G., Seymour, V., Harvey, M., Smith, C., Roy, D.B. and Haklay, M. (2016) Patterns of contribution to citizen science biodiversity projects increase understanding of volunteers’ recording behaviour. Scientific Reports, 6(1), p.
33051 . 10.1038/srep33051 - 11Bonney, R., Phillips, T.B., Ballard, H.L. and Enck, J.W. (2016) Can citizen science enhance public understanding of science?. Public Understanding of Science, 25(1), pp. 2–16. 10.1177/096366251560740
- 12Bowser, A., Cooper, C., De Sherbinin, A., Wiggins, A., Brenton, P., Chuang, T.R., Faustman, E., Haklay, M. and Meloche, M. (2020) Still in need of norms: the state of the data in citizen science. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 5(1).
- 13Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2022) Conceptual and design thinking for thematic analysis. Qualitative Psychology, 9(1), pp. 3–26. 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- 14Brodie, J., Kunzig, S., Agate, J., Yesson, C. and Robinson, L. (2023) The Big Seaweed Search: Evaluating a citizen science project for a difficult to identify group of organisms. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 33(1), pp. 44–55. 10.1002/aqc.3903
- 15Cohnstaedt, L.W., Snyder, D., Maki, E. and Schafer, S. (2016) Establishing the Cervid Disease Network and the North American Mosquito Project. Veteriana Italiana, 52, pp.195–200. 10.12834/VetIt.577.2765.2
- 16Conrado, A.B., Patel, N. and Turner, P.J. (2021) Global patterns in anaphylaxis due to specific foods: A systematic review. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 148(6), pp.1515–1525. 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.048
- 17Constant, N. and Roberts, L. (2017) Narratives as a mode of research evaluation in citizen science: understanding broader science communication impacts. Journal of Science Communication, 16(4), p. A03.
- 18Cummings, J.R., Ackerman, J.M., Wolfson, J.A. and Gearhardt, A.N. (2021) COVID-19 stress and eating and drinking behaviors in the United States during the early stages of the pandemic. Appetite, 162, p.
105163 . 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105163 - 19Davies, L., Bell, J.N.B., Bone, J., Head, M., Hill, L., Howard, C., Hobbs, S.J., Jones, D.T., Power, S.A., Rose, N. and Ryder, C. (2011) Open Air Laboratories (OPAL): A community-driven research programme. Environmental Pollution, 159(8–9), pp. 2203–2210. 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.053
- 20Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (2000) The” what” and” why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), pp. 227–268. 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
- 21Del Savio, L., Prainsack, B., Buyx, A. (2016) Motivations of participants in the citizen science of microbiomics: data from the British Gut Project. Genetics in Medicine, 19, pp. 959–961. doi:10.1038/gim.2016.208
- 22Den Broeder, L., Devilee, J., Van Oers, H., Schuit, A.J. and Wagemakers, A. (2018) Citizen Science for public health. Health Promotion International, 33(3), pp. 505–514. 10.1093/heapro/daw086
- 23Dibner, K.A. and Pandya, R. (eds.) (2018)
Learning through citizen science: Enhancing opportunities by design . Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). - 24Dickinson, J.L., Shirk, J., Bonter, D., Bonney, R., Crain, R.L., Martin, J., Phillips, T. and Purcell, K. (2012) The current state of citizen science as a tool for ecological research and public engagement. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10(6), pp. 291–297. 10.1890/110236
- 25Durban, R., Groetch, M., Meyer, R., Collins, S.C., Elverson, W., Friebert, A., Kabourek, J., Marchand, S.M., McWilliam, V., Netting, M. and Skypala, I. (2021) Dietary management of food allergy. Immunology and Allergy Clinics, 41(2), pp. 233–270. 10.1016/j.iac.2021.01.009
- 26Edwards, R., Kirn, S., Hillman, T., Kloetzer, L., Mathieson, K., McDonnell, D. and Phillips T. (2018)
Learning and developing science capital through citizen science . In Hecker, S., Haklay, M., Bowser, A., Makuch, Z., Vogel, J. and Bonn, A. (Eds.), Citizen Science: Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy. London: UCL Press. pp. 381–390). - 27Finkelstein, M.A. (2009) Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivational orientations and the volunteer process. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(5–6), pp. 653–658. 10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.01
- 28Food Standard Agency. (2015) Chief Scientific Adviser’s Science Report. Issue Five: Food Allergy and Intolerance. Available at:
https://www.food.gov.uk/about-us/csa-science-reports - 29Food Standards Agency and RSM UK Consulting. (2022) Estimating financial cost to individuals with a food hypersensitivity. Final Report, December 2022. Available at:
https://doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.buq453 - 30Geoghegan, H., Dyke, A., Pateman, R., West, S. and Everett, G. (2016)
Understanding motivations for citizen science . Final report on behalf of UKEOF, University of Reading, Stockholm Environment Institute (University of York) and University of the West of England. - 31Golumbic, Y.N., Motion, A., Chau, A., Choi, L., D’Silva, D., Ho, J., Nielsen, M., Shi, K., Son, C.D., Wu, O. and Zhang, S. (2022) Self-reflection promotes learning in citizen science and serves as an effective assessment tool. Computers and Education Open, 3, p.
100104 . 10.1016/j.caeo.2022.100104 - 32Hecker, S., Bonney, R., Haklay, M., Hölker, F., Hofer, H., Goebel, C., Gold, M., Makuch, Z., Ponti, M., Richter, A. and Robinson, L. (2018b) Innovation in citizen science–perspectives on science-policy advances. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 3(1). 10.5334/cstp.114
- 33Hecker, S., Haklay, M., Bowser, A., Makuch, Z., Vogel, J. and Bonn, A. (2018a) Innovation in open science, society and policy–setting the agenda for citizen science. Citizen Science: Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy, pp. 1–23. 10.14324/111.9781787352339
- 34Hobbs, S.J. and White, P.C. (2012) Motivations and barriers in relation to community participation in biodiversity recording. Journal for Nature Conservation, 20(6), pp. 364–373. 10.1016/j.jnc.2012.08.002
- 35Ibrahim, K., Khodursky, S. and Yasseri, T. (2021) Gender imbalance and spatiotemporal patterns of contributions to citizen science projects: the case of Zooniverse. Frontiers in Physics, 9, p.
650720 . 10.3389/fphy.2021.650720 - 36Johansson, S.G.O., Hourihane, J.B., Bousquet, J., Bruijnzeel-Koomen, C., Dreborg, S., Haahtela, T., Kowalski, M.L., Mygind, N., Ring, J., Van Cauwenberge, P. and Van Hage-Hamsten, M. (2001) A revised nomenclature for allergy: an EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy, 56(9), pp. 813–824. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2001.00002.x-i1
- 37Jönsson, M., Kasperowski, D., Coulson, S.J., Nilsson, J., Bína, P., Kullenberg, C., Hagen, N., van der Wal, R. and Peterson, J. (2023) Inequality persists in a large citizen science programme despite increased participation through ICT innovations. Ambio, pp.1–12.
- 38Knibb, R., Halsey, M., James, P., du Toit, G. and Young, J. (2019) Psychological services for food allergy: the unmet need for patients and families in the United Kingdom. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 49(11), pp.1390–1394. 10.1111/cea.13488
- 39Kragh, G. (2016) The motivations of volunteers in citizen science. Environmental Scientist, 25(2), pp. 32–35.
- 40Lakeman-Fraser, P., Gosling, L., Moffat, A.J., West, S.E., Fradera, R., Davies, L., Ayamba, M.A. and van der Wal, R. (2016) To have your citizen science cake and eat it? Delivering research and outreach through Open Air Laboratories (OPAL). BMC Ecology, 16, pp. 57–70. 10.1186/s12898-016-0065-0
- 41Lakomý, M., Hlavová, R., Machackova, H., Bohlin, G., Lindholm, M., Bertero, M.G. and Dettenhofer, M. (2020) The motivation for citizens’ involvement in life sciences research is predicted by age and gender. PLoS One, 15(8), p.
e0237140 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0237140 - 42Leftwich, J., Barnett, J., Muncer, K., Shepherd, R., Raats, M.M., Hazel Gowland, M. and Lucas, J.S. (2011) The challenges for nut-allergic consumers of eating out. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 41(2), pp.243–249. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03649.x
- 43Liberatore, A., Bowkett, E., MacLeod, C.J., Spurr, E. and Longnecker, N., 2018. Social media as a platform for a citizen science community of practice. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 3(1). 10.5334/cstp.108
- 44Marcenò, C., Padullés Cubino, J., Chytrý, M., Genduso, E., Salemi, D., La Rosa, A., Gristina, A.S., Agrillo, E., Bonari, G., Giusso del Galdo, G. and Ilardi, V. (2021) Facebook groups as citizen science tools for plant species monitoring. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(10), pp. 2018–2028. 10.1111/1365-2664.13896
- 45Marks, L., Laird, Y., Trevena, H., Smith, B.J. and Rowbotham, S. (2022) A scoping review of citizen science approaches in chronic disease prevention. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, p.
743348 . 10.3389/fpubh.2022.743348 - 46McCormick, S. (2012) After the cap: risk assessment, citizen science and disaster recovery. Ecology and Society, 17(4).
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26269217 - 47Nov, O., Arazy, O. and Anderson, D. (2014) Scientists@ Home: what drives the quantity and quality of online citizen science participation?. PloS one, 9(4), p.
e90375 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0090375 - 48Pateman, R.M., De Bruin, A., Piirsalu, E., Reynolds, C., Stokeld, E. and West, S.E. (2020) Citizen science for quantifying and reducing food loss and food waste. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, p. 247. 10.3389/fsufs.2020.589089
- 49Pateman, R.M., Dyke, A. and West, S.E. (2021) The diversity of participants in environmental citizen science. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 6(1), 10.5334/cstp.369
- 50Phillips, T.B., Ballard, H.L., Lewenstein, B.V. and Bonney, R. (2019) Engagement in science through citizen science: Moving beyond data collection. Science Education, 103(3), pp. 665–690. 10.1002/sce.21501
- 51Ponciano, L., Brasileiro, F., Simpson, R. and Smith, A. (2014) Volunteers’ engagement in human computation for astronomy projects. Computing in Science & Engineering, 16(6), pp. 52–59. 10.1109/MCSE.2014.4
- 52R Core Team. (2022)
R: A language and environment for statistical computing . R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URLhttps://www.R-project.org/ . - 53Rasmussen, L.M. and Cooper, C. (2019) Citizen science ethics. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 4(1). 10.5334/cstp.235
- 54Reynolds, C., Oakden, L., West, S., Pateman, R.M. and Elliott, C. (2021)
Citizen Science and Food: A Review . Food Standards Agency, UK. Available at:https://food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/media/document/citizen-science-and-food_a-review_0.pdf - 55Robinson, J.A., Kocman, D., Speyer, O. and Gerasopoulos, E. (2021) Meeting volunteer expectations—a review of volunteer motivations in citizen science and best practices for their retention through implementation of functional features in CS tools. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 64(12), pp. 2089–2113. 10.1080/09640568.2020.1853507
- 56Robinson, L.D., Cawthray, J.L., West, S.E., Bonn, A. and Ansine, J. (2018)
Ten principles of citizen science . In Citizen science: Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy. London: UCL Press. pp. 27–40. - 57Ryan, S.F., Adamson, N.L., Aktipis, A., Andersen, L.K., Austin, R., Barnes, L., Beasley, M.R., Bedell, K.D., Briggs, S., Chapman, B. and Cooper, C.B. (2018) The role of citizen science in addressing grand challenges in food and agriculture research. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285(1891), p.
20181977 . 10.1098/rspb.2018.1977 - 58Sam, L., Craig, T., Horgan, G.W. and Macdiarmid, J.I. (2019) Association between hours worked in paid employment and diet quality, frequency of eating out and consuming takeaways in the UK. Public health nutrition, 22(18), pp. 3368–3376. 10.1017/S1368980019002222
- 59Sanders, L. and Simons, G. (2009) A social vision for value co-creation in design. Technology Innovation and Management Review 310 (December 2009). Available at:
http://timreview.ca/article/310 - 60Shirk, J., Ballard, H.L., Wilderman, C.C., Phillips, T., Wiggins, A., Jordan, R., McCallie, E., Minarchek, M., Lewenstein, B.V., Krasny, M.E. and Bonney, R. (2012) Public Participation in Scientific Research: a Framework for Deliberate Design. Ecology and Society, 17(2): p. 29.
- 61Sommer, I., MacKenzie, H., Venter, C. and Dean, T. (2012) Factors influencing food choices of food-allergic consumers: findings from focus groups. Allergy, 67(10), pp. 1319–1322. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02883.x
- 62Spitz, R., Pereira Junior, C., Queiroz, F., Leite, L.C., Dam, P. and Rezende, A.C. (2018) Gamification, citizen science, and civic technologies: In search of the common good. Strategic Design Research Journal, 11(3), pp. 263–273. 10.4013/sdrj.2018.113.11
- 63Statista. (2022) Main social networking site preference in the United Kingdom (UK) 2020, by age [Infographic]. 10th August 2022. Available at:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/308712/main-social-networking-site-preference-in-the-uk-by-age/ [Last accessed 1st August 2024] - 64Strasser, B. and Haklay, ME. (2018)
Citizen Science: Expertise, Democracy, and Public Participation. SSC Policy Analysis 1/2018 , pp. 1–92. Swiss Science Council, Bern, Switzerland. - 65Strasser, B.J., Tancoigne, E., Baudry, J., Piguet, S., Spiers, H., Luis-Fernandez Marquez, J., Kasparian, J., Grey, F., Anderson, D. and Lintott, C. (2023) Quantifying online citizen science: Dynamics and demographics of public participation in science. Plos one, 18(11), p.
e0293289 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0293289 - 66Suman, A.B. and Pierce, R. (2018) Challenges for citizen science and the EU Open Science agenda under the GDPR. European Data Protection Law Review, 4, p. 284. 10.21552/edpl/2018/3/7
- 67Tang, M.L. and Mullins, R.J. (2017) Food allergy: is prevalence increasing? Internal Medicine Journal, 47(3), pp. 256–261. 10.1111/imj.13362
- 68Thomas, J.A., Trigg, J., Morris, J., Miller, E. and Ward, P.R. (2022) Exploring the potential of citizen science for public health through an alcohol advertising case study. Health Promotion International, 37(2), p.
daab139 . 10.1093/heapro/daab139 - 69Thornton, L.E., Lamb, K.E. and Ball, K. (2013) Employment status, residential and workplace food environments: associations with women’s eating behaviours. Health & Place, 24, pp. 80–89. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.08.006
- 70Vargas, C., Whelan, J., Brimblecombe, J. and Allender, S. (2022) Co-creation, co-design, co-production for public health: a perspective on definition and distinctions. Public Health Research & Practice, 32(2). 10.17061/phrp3222211
- 71Versluis, A., Knulst, A.C., Kruizinga, A.G., Michelsen, A., Houben, G.F., Baumert, J.L. and van Os-Medendorp, H. (2015) Frequency, severity and causes of unexpected allergic reactions to food: a systematic literature review. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 45(2), pp. 347–367. 10.1111/cea.12328
- 72Vohland, K., Weißpflug, M. and Pettibone, L. (2019) Citizen science and the neoliberal transformation of science–An ambivalent relationship. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 4(1). 10.5334/cstp.186
- 73Worsfold, D. (2006) Eating out: Consumer perceptions of food safety. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 16(3), pp. 219–229. 10.1080/09603120600641417
- 74Worthington, J.P., Silvertown, J., Cook, L., Cameron, R., Dodd, M., Greenwood, R.M., McConway, K. and Skelton, P. (2012) Evolution MegaLab: a case study in citizen science methods. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3(2), pp. 303–309. 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00164.x