Figure 1
Mean abundance of broad insect groups, as identified by citizen scientists from pan trap samples, compared with professional researchers’ identification of the same samples.
Figure 2
Mean abundance of bumblebees, honeybees, hoverflies, social wasps, and solitary bees recorded over the three sampling methods used in the Sow Wild! project (insect watch, pan trap set, and yellow sticky traps) and each of the project treatments (sampling mini-meadow, 10 m away from mini-meadow, and control sites). Pan trap and yellow sticky trap data collected by researchers, insect watch data collected by citizen scientists.
Table 1
GLMM ANOVA results for effects of sampling method on the abundance of insect group and bee species richness. Abundance of broad insect groups (bumblebee, honeybee, hoverfly, solitary bee, solitary wasp) recorded in each of the sampling methods used (insect watch, blue pan traps, pink pan traps, white pan traps, yellow pan traps, yellow sticky traps) and richness of bee species (including solitary bee, bumblebee and honeybee) collected in pan traps only. Presented with mean ± standard error, median (IQR), chi-square X2, degrees freedom df, significance *** p < 0.001 and Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference test for comparisons (designated by letters in bold).
| ABUNDANCE | X2 | DF | P= | AVERAGE | BEE WATCH | PAN TRAP (BLUE) | PAN TRAP (PINK) | PAN TRAP (WHITE) | PAN TRAP (YELLOW) | YELLOW STICKY |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bumblebee | 324.31 | 5 | <2.2e–16*** | Mean ± SE | 3.65 ± 0.23 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.08 | 0.45 ± 0.1 | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 0.6 ± 0.13 |
| Median (IQR) | 2 (5) (c) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (1) (b) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (1) (b) | ||||
| Honeybee | 161.62 | 5 | <2.2e–16*** | Mean ± SE | 1.49 ± 0.23 | 0.05 ± 0.08 | 0.07 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.09 ± 0.1 | 0.35 ± 0.13 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (2) (d) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (0) (bc) | 0 (0) (ab) | 0 (0) (c) | ||||
| Hoverfly | 194.6 | 5 | <2.2e–16*** | Mean ± SE | 2.23 ± 0.23 | 0.03 ± 0.13 | 0.04 ± 0.08 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.52 ± 0.22 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (3) (d) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (0) (ab) | 0 (0) (ab) | 0 (0) (b) | 0 (0) (c) | ||||
| Solitary bee | 195.78 | 5 | <2.2e–16*** | Mean ± SE | 1.22 ± 0.31 | 0.08 ± 0.1 | 0.14 ± 0.1 | 0.66 ± 0.14 | 0.53 ± 0.12 | 0.34 ± 0.15 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (1) (c) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (1) (b) | 0 (1) (b) | 1 (2) (c) | ||||
| Social wasp | 217.58 | 5 | <2.2e–16*** | Mean ± SE | 0.42 ± 0.18 | 0.01 ± 0.07 | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.07 | 0.99 ± 0.13 |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0) (b) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (1) (c) | ||||
| Solitary wasp | 677.82 | 4 | <2.2e–16*** | Mean ± SE | NA | 0.88 ± 0.21 | 0.85 ± 0.15 | 1.04 ± 0.14 | 1.76 ± 0.17 | 15.2 ± 0.26 |
| Median (IQR) | NA | 0 (1) (a) | 0 (1) (a) | 0 (2) (a) | 1 (2) (b) | 12 (15) (c) | ||||
| Richness | ||||||||||
| All bee | 132.77 | 3 | <2.2e–16*** | Mean ± SE | NA | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.13 ± 0.07 | 0.61 ± 0.07 | 0.38 ± 0.07 | NA |
| Median (IQR) | NA | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (0) (a) | 0 (1) (c) | 0 (1) (b) | NA |
Figure 3
Proportion of insect groups (bumblebees, honeybees, hoverflies, social wasps, and solitary bees) collected by sampling method (blue, pink, white and yellow pan trap, insect watch, yellow sticky traps). Pan trap and yellow sticky trap data collected by researchers, insect watch data collected by citizen scientists.
Figure 4
Abundance heatmap of twenty most abundant wild bee species. Based on count of bees sampled by pan trap colour (blue, pink, white, yellow). Square root transformed for visualisation purposes.