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Smartphone Sensors for Citizen Science Applications: Light and Sound Cover

Smartphone Sensors for Citizen Science Applications: Light and Sound

By: Sten Odenwald  
Open Access
|Jul 2020

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Manufacturing date, usage, and light and sound sensor data for the iPhone 6S, Samsung Note 5, and Samsung Galaxy S8.

iPhone 6sSamsung Note 5Samsung Galaxy S8
Release dateSeptember 9, 2015August 13, 2015April 21, 2017
Phones in circulation773 million (ca 2015)11 million (ca 2017)Over 20 million
Operating systemiOS 11.2.5 (2018)Android v5.1.1 (Lollipop)Android 8.8.0
Camera12.2 megapixel f/2.216 megapixel f/1.912.2 megapixel f/1.7
Camera arraySony iSight 1.22 µm pixelsSonyExmor RS-IMX240 1.2 µm pixelsLSI S5K2L2 or Sony IMX333, 1.4 µm pixels.
MicrophoneKnowles 530&532/D5307Knowles electretKnowles electret
Light sensorAMS #TSL2586AMS TMD4903AMS #TMD4906

[i] Note: Data from Costello (2018), TechInsights (2018), ElectronicWiz (2016), and ElectronicProducts (2018).

cstp-5-1-254-g1.png
Figure 1

The percentage change of the measurement step interval to applied illuminance for the camera-based iOS apps: Galactica (triangle), Light Meter by Polyanskaya (asterisk), and the sensor-based Android app Light Meter by WBPhoto (dot).

Table 2

Comparisons of standard light-meter readings with two Samsung phones models for three light levels.

Three light conditions for the LM and Lux AppsExtech meter (lx)Extech meter (lx)Samsung S8 (lx)Samsung Note 5 (lx)
DirectReflectedN = 4N = 4
Twilight
LM (incident)2.01.07± 19.5± 0.5
Lux (reflected)2.01.01.5± 0.50.5± 0.5
Albedo0.240.05
Indoor daylight
LM (incident)11481117± 1.5112
Lux (reflected)11481100± 3.767± 7
Albedo0.850.6
Outdoor shade
LM (incident)16,30011,60027,000± 100029,200± 870
Lux (reflected)16,30011,60011,000± 68011,100± 570
Albedo0.410.38
cstp-5-1-254-g2.png
Figure 2

Comparison of reflected illuminance levels between calibration (LT-300) and iPhone 6s camera-based Galactica app (triangle).

cstp-5-1-254-g3.png
Figure 3

Data for Galactica (triangle) with linear regression forced to a 0 lx y-intercept to avoid an unphysical, negative illuminance as the y-intercept.

cstp-5-1-254-g4.png
Figure 4

Data for Galactica (triangle). The regression curve (solid line) with linear regression forced to a 0 lx y-intercept to avoid an unphysical, negative illuminance as the y-intercept. Also shown is the regression used for the medium illuminance levels in Figure 3 (dashed).

cstp-5-1-254-g5.png
Figure 5

Representative fixed sound intensity data for the iPhone 6s with samples every 0.2 seconds. <S> = 68.2 ± 0.11 dB.

Table 3

Sound comparisons with Samsung phones.

Sound SourceGalaxy S8Note 5
BK-MeterABCDEFGH
Quiet room29.830.329.932.929.950.950.250.637.0
Inside idling car55.060.561.262.361.582.082.282.468.6
Electric lawn mower89.282.177.078.576.8104.5105.0105.591.3
cstp-5-1-254-g6.png
Figure 6

Quiet environment data for Decibel 10th comparison. Solid curve is the Samsung Note 5 and dots are the iPhone 6s. Sampling interval is 0.2 seconds.

Table 4

Acoustic levels measured on an iPhone 6s at a variety of locations.

SourceDecibel meterDecibel levelDecibel sound meterDecibel-10th
Summit of Mt. Greylock63653839
Quiet room58593043
Toyota Corolla engine75765565
Jet plane interior92887086
Electric lawn mower89867086
Jack hammer @ 10 meters89677386
Queen rock concert958575109
cstp-5-1-254-g7.png
Figure 7

iPhone 6s (dot), Samsung Note 5 (square) and Galaxy S8 (triangle). The smartphone data obtained by the Decibel 10th app has been shifted by: Note 5 (–12 dB), Galaxy S8 (+5 dB), and iPhone (–8 dB) to place them as close as possible to the same linear regression calibration curve (solid line).

Table 5

Common light sources and their calibrated direct illuminances.

Light sourceDistance (m)LT-300 (lx)
GE LED 40 watts, Daylight (480 lumens)0.32,950 ± 10
1.0263 ± 3
GE LED 40 watt, soft white (480 lumens)0.32,350 ± 20
1.0235 ± 2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.254 | Journal eISSN: 2057-4991
Language: English
Submitted on: May 16, 2019
Accepted on: May 27, 2020
Published on: Jul 13, 2020
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2020 Sten Odenwald, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.