Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Virtual Reality in China: Is There a Sustainable Business Model for Virtual Reality Content Enterprises? Cover

Virtual Reality in China: Is There a Sustainable Business Model for Virtual Reality Content Enterprises?

Cultural Science
Volume 11 (2019): Issue 1 (January 2019)
By: Yu Shan  
Open Access
|Dec 2019

References

  1. Abbasi, M, Vassilopoulou, P and Stergioulas, L. 2017. Technology roadmap for the creative industries. Creative Industries Journal, 10(1): 40–58. DOI:10.1080/17510694.2016.1247627
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  2. Alibaba. 2019. December Quarter 2018 Results. Retrieved fromhttps://www.alibabagroup.com/en/ir/presentations/pre190130.pdf
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  3. Baden-Fuller, C and Haefliger, S. 2013. Business Models and Technological Innovation. Long Range Planning, 46(6): 419–426. DOI:10.1016/j.lrp.2013.08.023
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  4. Banks, J and Potts, J. 2010. Co-creating games: a co-evolutionary analysis. New Media & Society, 12(2): 253–270. DOI:10.1177/1461444809343563
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  5. Bradley, M. 2017. Top 37 VR Film Festivals to Attend in 2018. Retrieved fromhttps://medium.com/@lets-veer/top-37-vr-film-festivals-to-attend-in-2018-7b9fce35dd64
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  6. Braester, Y. 2004. From real time to virtual reality: Chinese cinema in the internet age. Journal of Contemporary China, 13(38): 89–104. DOI:10.1080/1067056032000151355
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  7. Carter, ML. 2018. The Creative Business Model Canvas: The Business Model Canvas reimagined for visual artists. (Masters by Research thesis), Queensland University of Technology.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  8. Cellan-Jones, R. 2016. 2016: the year when VR goes from virtual to reality. Retrieved fromhttps://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35205783
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  9. Chalk, A. 2017. Steam Community access has been blocked in China. Retrieved fromhttps://www.pcgamer.com/steam-community-access-has-been-blocked-in-china/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  10. Chalk, A. 2019. Steam China will be ‘almost entirely independent of Steam’. Retrieved fromhttps://www.pcgamer.com/steam-china-will-be-almost-entirely-independent-of-steam/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  11. Champion, EM. 2006. Evaluating Cultural Learning in Virtual Environments. (PhD), University of Melbourne.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  12. Chesbrough, H. 2003. Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  13. Chesbrough, H. 2007a. Business model innovation: it’s not just about technology anymore. Strategy & leadership, 35(6): 12–17. DOI:10.1108/10878570710833714
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  14. Chesbrough, H. 2007b. Why companies should have open business models. MIT Sloan Management Review, 48(2): 22.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  15. Chesbrough, H and Rosenbloom, RS. 2002. The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: evidence from Xerox Corporation’s technology spin‐off companies. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(3): 529–555. DOI:10.1093/icc/11.3.529
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  16. Cunningham, S. 2006. What price a creative economy? Platform papers, 9(i–iii): 1–50.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  17. Dai, T. 2017. The domestic VR animation “The Dream Collector” has been nominated by Venice Film Festival: How did Pinta Studios make a valuation of over 100 million? 国产 VR 动画《拾梦老人》入围威尼斯 未发作品的 Pinta Studio 如何做到估值过亿？Retrieved fromhttps://m.jiemian.com/article/1594177.html
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  18. Damiani, J. 2018. How China’s Largest VR Community, VRCORE, Is Bridging Eastern And Western XR Markets. Retrieved fromhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/jessedamiani/2018/12/18/how-chinas-largest-vr-community-vrcore-is-bridging-eastern-and-western-xr-markets/#56ef24b63c64
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  19. Donald, SH, Keane, M and Hong, Y. 2002. Media in China: Consumption, content and crisis. Routledge.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  20. Farre, A. 2019. China’s growing VR industry. Retrieved fromhttps://supchina.com/podcast/09-chinas-growing-vr-industry/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  21. Fetham, J. 2016. Chinese President Points To VR As Helping Establish ‘Innovative World Economy’. Retrieved fromhttps://uploadvr.com/chinese-president-vr-b20/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  22. Gigante, MA. 1993. Virtual reality: definitions, history and applications. In Virtual reality systems, 3–14. Elsevier. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-227748-1.50009-3
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  23. Hanson, L. 2016. China’s Year of Virtual Reality. Retrieved fromhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/lisachan-son/2016/12/23/chinas-year-of-virtual-reality/#25bb744e58b0
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  24. Hartley, J, Potts, J, Flew, T, Cunningham, S, Keane, M and Banks, J. 2012. Key concepts in creative industries. Sage. DOI:10.4135/9781526435965
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  25. Higgs, P and Cunningham, S. 2008. Creative Industries Mapping: Where have we come from and where are we going? Creative Industries Journal, 1(1): 7–30. DOI:10.1386/cij.1.1.7_1
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  26. Iram, S. 2016. Premium VR Content — The Chicken And The Egg Problem. Retrieved fromhttps://medium.com/@sivaniram/premium-vr-content-the-chicken-and-the-egg-problem-d46ed38f6540
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  27. Jiang, MY and Huang, F. 2018. 18 start-ups selected for HTC’s Vive X accelerator program. Retrieved fromhttp://focustaiwan.tw/news/ast/201811160020.aspx
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  28. Justine. 2019. Eddie Lou: “VR is Booming in China”. Retrieved fromhttps://vrtl.academy/news/eddie-lou-vr-is-booming-in-china/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  29. Kalawsky, RS. 1993. The Science of Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  30. Keane, M. 2006. From made in China to created in China. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9(3): 285–296. DOI:10.1177/1367877906066875
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  31. Keane, M. 2007. Created in China the great new leap forward. London: Routledge. DOI:10.4324/9780203937471
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  32. Keane, M. 2009. Creative industries in China: four perspectives on social transformation. International journal of cultural policy, 15(4): 431–443. DOI:10.1080/10286630902989019
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  33. Keane, M. 2016. Going global or going nowhere? Chinese media in a time of flux. Media International Australia, 159(1): 13–21. DOI:10.1177/1329878X16638937
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  34. Leovaridis, C and Bahna, M. 2017. Aspects reading virtual reality as innovation in creative industries. Evoluţii în Cadrul Industriilor Creative, 157–172.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  35. Lou, E. (Producer) 2018. Why China wants more content|VR NOW Con & Awards 2018. Retrieved fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0ApGx3uc_A&feature=share
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  36. Merel, T. 2018. China could beat America in AR/VR long-term. Retrieved fromhttps://tcrn.ch/2FFj6o8
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  37. Messner, S. 2019. Censorship, Steam, and the explosive rise of PC gaming in China. Retrieved fromhttps://www.pcgamer.com/uk/its-time-to-pay-attention-to-china-inside-the-worlds-largest-pc-games-industry/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  38. Milk, C. (Producer) 2016. The birth of virtual reality as an art form. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ted.com/talks/chris_milk_the_birth_of_virtual_reality_as_an_art_form/transcript
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  39. Morris, C. 2015. Is 2016 The Year of Virtual Reality? Retrieved fromhttp://fortune.com/2015/12/04/2016-the-year-of-virtual-reality/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  40. Niels. 2018. Eddie Lou on China’s Answer to “The Magic Moment”. Retrieved fromhttps://vrtl.academy/news/eddie-lou-on-chinas-answer-to-the-magic-moment/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  41. Nye, JS. 1990. Soft power. Foreign policy, 80: 153–171. DOI:10.2307/1148580
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  42. Osterwalder, A and Pigneur, Y. 2010. Business model generation: a handbook for visionaries, game changers, and challengers. John Wiley & Sons.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  43. Park, M. 2017. How Baidu. Alibaba, and Tencent are investing in VR. Retrieved fromhttps://uploadvr.com/how-baidu-alibaba-and-tencent-are-investing-in-vr/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  44. Peng, W and Keane, M. 2019. China’s soft power conundrum, film coproduction, and visions of shared prosperity. International journal of cultural policy, 1–13. DOI:10.1080/10286632.2019.1634062
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  45. Psotka, J. 1995. Immersive training systems: Virtual reality and education and training. Instructional Science, 23(5): 405–431. DOI:10.1007/BF00896880
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  46. Roettgers, J. 2017. Facebook Is Shutting Down Its Award-Winning Oculus Story Studio. Retrieved fromhttps://variety.com/2017/digital/news/oculus-story-studio-shutting-down-1202409809/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  47. Roettgers, J. 2019. Google Shuts Down Its Spotlight Stories VR Film Studio. Retrieved fromhttps://variety.com/2019/digital/news/google-spotlight-stories-shutting-down-1203163117/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  48. Shambaugh, DL. 2013. China goes global: The partial power (Vol. 111). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  49. Shen, T. 2017a. Meet Pinta Studios: Turning VR content into money-making IP. Retrieved fromhttps://technode.com/2017/09/01/meet-pinta-studios-turning-vr-content-into-money-making-ip/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  50. Shen, T. 2017b. This Chinese film studio is showing the potential of VR content. Retrieved fromhttps://technode.com/2017/08/14/this-chinese-film-studio-is-showing-the-potential-of-vr-content/
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  51. Steiber, A. 2017. VR/AR in China: An Emerging Giant? Retrieved fromhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/char-liefink/2017/12/19/vrar-in-china-an-emerging-giant/#4fd7d5647573
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  52. Su, C. 2019. Changing dynamics of digital entertainment media in China. (PhD), Queensland University of Technology.
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  53. Teece, DJ. 2010. Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation. Long Range Planning, 43(2–3): 172–194. DOI:10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  54. Tian, M. 2017. Pinta studios has completed the Pre-A round of financing, and the new animation project will embrace AR. Pinta Studios 完成千万元级 Pre-A 轮融资，新动画项目将拥抱 AR. Retrieved fromhttps://www.leiphone.com/news/201709/sgDdtLaC1Ty5A9Wf.html
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  55. Wang, S. 2016. The reality of VR is that 90% startups have been adjudged bankrupt 90% 的创业公司都倒闭了，这就是 VR 的死亡现实. Retrieved fromhttps://www.huxiu.com/article/173507.html
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  56. Wen, W. 2017. Making in China: Is maker culture changing China’s creative landscape? International Journal of Cultural Studies, 20(4): 343–360. DOI:10.1177/1367877917705154
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  57. Wu, J. 2016. China’s VR industry tumbles after explosive growth. Retrieved fromhttp://www.china.org.cn/business/2016-12/28/content_39999412.htm
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  58. Xi, J. 2016. Keynote Speech by H.E. Xi Jinping, President of the People’s Republic of China, at the Opening Ceremony of the B20 Summit Retrieved fromhttps://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1396112.shtml
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  59. Xiao, E. 2017. This startup is shooting for a Pixar moment in China’s fragmented but huge VR space. Retrieved fromhttps://www.techinasia.com/sandman-studios-profile
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  60. You, W. 2018. The Rise of China with Cultural Soft Power in the Age of Globalization. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 8(5): 763–778. DOI:10.17265/2159-5836/2018.05.006
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
  61. Zhang, Z. 2017. 6 Things You Need To Know About Chinese VR Market. Retrieved fromhttps://virtualrealitypop.com/6-things-you-need-to-know-about-chinese-vr-market-ccd8a5c5b85c
    Search in Google ScholarBack to article
  62. Zhao, EJ. 2011. Social network market: Storytelling on a Web 2.0 original literature site. Convergence, 17(1): 85–99. DOI:10.1177/1354856510383364
    Open DOISearch in Google ScholarBack to article
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/csci.123 | Journal eISSN: 1836-0416
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 54 - 67
Submitted on: Nov 12, 2019
Accepted on: Nov 12, 2019
Published on: Dec 10, 2019
Published by: Tallinn, Erfurt University
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Virtual Reality,
Business Models,
Business Model Canvas,
Content Production,
China
Related subjects:
Computer sciences,
Human-machine interaction,
Cultural studies,
Cultural theory,
General cultural theory,
Topics in cultural studies,
Human-animal studies,
Linguistics and semiotics,
Semiotics,
Biosemiotics

© 2019 Yu Shan, published by Tallinn, Erfurt University
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 11 (2019): Issue 1 (January 2019)Next article