Table 1
Variables and Measures Under Study.
| VARIABLES | MEASURES |
|---|---|
| Chronic condition | 1 – Yes; 2 – No |
| Being a bully | 1 – No; 2 – Yes |
| Being a victim of bullying | 1 – No; 2 – Yes |
| Being a cyberbully | 1 – No; 2 – Yes |
| Being a victim of cyberbullying | 1 – No; 2 – Yes |
| Liking school | 1 – Dislike; 2 – Like |
| Self-harm | 1 – No; 2 – Yes |
| Family support | Scale with four items rated on a seven-point Likert scale, with 1 being “very strongly disagree” and 7 being “very strongly agree.” Higher values reveal greater family support. α = .95. |
| Support from friends | Scale with four items rated on a seven-point Likert scale, with 1 being “very strongly disagree” and 7 being “very strongly agree.” Higher values reveal greater support from friends. α = .93 |
| Relationship with teachers | Scale with three items rated on a five-point Likert scale, with 1 being “strongly agree” and 5 being “strongly disagree.” Higher values reveal a better relationship with teachers. α = .84. |
| Relationship with peers | Scale with three items, on a five-point Likert scale, with 1 strongly agree and 5 strongly disagree. Higher values reveal a better relationship with peers. α = .76. |
| Physical and psychological symptoms | Scale with nine items (back pain; neck pain, headache, dizziness; stomach pain; nervousness, irritation or bad mood, sadness and fear) rated on a five-point Likert scale (1 = “almost every day” and 5 = “rarely or never”). Minimum score of 9 and maximum of 45). Higher values reveal fewer symptoms. α = .82. |
| Anxiety | Scale with four items rated on a five-point Likert scale, with 1 being “never” and 5 being “always/almost always.” Higher values reveal higher levels of anxiety. α = .44. |
| Depressive symptoms | Scale with 10 items that assess depressive symptoms (e.g., feeling depressed, lack of hope, fear, loneliness, perception of unhappiness) rated on a five-point Likert scale, with 1 being “rarely or never” and 5 being “always or all the time. “Higher values reveal more depressive symptoms. α = .81. |
| Quality of life | Scale with ten items with scores from 0 to 5. Minimum scores of 5 and maximum scores of 50. Higher values reveal a better perception of quality of life. α = .83. |
Table 2
Bivariate Analysis of Differences Between Students With and Without CC.
| M ± SD or % (N) | χ2/t | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL (N = 8,215) | CHRONIC CONDITION YES 16.3% (n = 808) | CHRONIC CONDITION NO 83.7%(n = 4,150) | |||
| Being a bully1 | 0.263 | 0.608 | |||
| No | 90.4 (7041) | 89.2 (721) | 89.8 (3728) | ||
| Yes | 9.6 (752) | 10.8 (87) | 10.2 (422) | ||
| Being a victim of bullying1 | 5.908 | ≤0.01 | |||
| No | 82.2 (6402) | 80.0 (646) | 83.5 (3464) | ||
| Yes | 17.8 (1390) | 20.0 (162) | 16.5 (686) | ||
| Being a cyberbully1 | 0.156 | 0.693 | |||
| No | 94.7 (7380) | 94.1 (760) | 94.4 (3918) | ||
| Yes | 5.3 (411) | 5.9 (48) | 5.6 (232) | ||
| Being a victim of cyberbullying1 | 4.780 | ≤0.05 | |||
| No | 91.9 (7160) | 89.5 (723) | 91.8 (3811) | ||
| Yes | 8.1 (630) | 10.5 (85) | 8.2 (339) | ||
| Liking school1 | 1.116 | 0.291 | |||
| Dislike | 30.4 (2393) | 33.3 (269) | 35.2 (1462) | ||
| Like | 69.6 (5473) | 66.7 (539) | 64.8 (2688) | ||
| Self-harm1 | 9.229 | ≤0.01 | |||
| No | 82.0 (4042) | 78.2 (627) | 82.7 (3415) | ||
| Yes | 18.0 (890) | 21.8 (175) | 17.3 (715) | ||
| Family support2 | 23.87 ± 6.44 | 22.45 ± 6.85 | 23.32 ± 6.57 | –3.437 | ≤0.001 |
| Support from friends2 | 21.96 ± 6.75 | 21.99 ± 6.41 | 21.90 ± 6.66 | 0.366 | 0.715 |
| Relationship with teachers2 | 11.28 ± 2.52 | 10.73 ± 2.43 | 10.91 ± 2.51 | –1.892 | 0.059 |
| Relationship with peers2 | 11.80 ± 2.41 | 11.73 ± 2.62 | 11.67 ± 2.46 | –1.815 | 0.070 |
| Physical and psychological symptoms2 | 36.74 ± 7.11 | 33.37 ± 7.95 | 36.29 ± 7.24 | –10.321 | ≤0.001 |
| Anxiety2 | 11.02 ± 2.67 | 11.50 ± 2.73 | 10.93 ± 2.64 | 5.316 | ≤0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms2 | 18.05 ± 5.50 | 19.27 ± 5.95 | 17.81 ± 5.37 | 6.416 | ≤0.001 |
| Quality of life2 | 36.43 ± 7.28 | 35.20 ± 7.13 | 36.68 ± 7.28 | –5.295 | ≤0.001 |
[i] 1Chi-square; 2Independent sample t-test.
Adjusted residuals >1.96.
Table 3
Bivariate Analysis of the Differences Between Being or Not Being a Victim of Bullying (Students With CC).
| M ± SD or % (N) | χ2/t | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BEING A VICTIM OF BULLYING YES 20.0% (n = 162) | BEING A VICTIM OF BULLYING NO 80.0% (n = 646) | |||
| Being a bully1 | 56.675 | ≤0.001 | ||
| No | 72.8 (118) | 93.3 (603) | ||
| Yes | 27.2 (44) | 6.7 (43) | ||
| Being a cyberbully1 | 28.558 | ≤0.001 | ||
| No | 85.2 (138) | 96.3 (622) | ||
| Yes | 14.8 (24) | 3.7 (24) | ||
| Being a victim of cyberbullying1 | 51.091 | ≤0.001 | ||
| No | 74.1 (120) | 93.3 (603) | ||
| Yes | 25.9 (42) | 6.7 (43) | ||
| Liking school1 | 4.258 | ≤0.05 | ||
| Dislike | 40.1 (65) | 31.6 (204) | ||
| Like | 59.9 (97) | 68.4 (442) | ||
| Self-harm1 | 31.147 | ≤0.001 | ||
| No | 61.9 (99) | 82.2 (528) | ||
| Yes | 38.1 (61) | 17.8 (114) | ||
| Family support2 | 19.32 ± 8.20 | 23.23 ± 6.24 | 6.672 | ≤0.001 |
| Support from friends2 | 18.66 ± 7.36 | 22.83 ± 5.87 | 7.657 | ≤0.001 |
| Relationship with teachers2 | 10.05 ± 2.77 | 10.90 ± 2.31 | 4.011 | ≤0.001 |
| Relationship with peers2 | 10.06 ± 3.18 | 11.86 ± 2.32 | 8.120 | ≤0.001 |
| Physical and psychological symptoms2 | 30.59 ± 8.29 | 34.07 ± 7.71 | 5.047 | ≤0.001 |
| Anxiety2 | 12.51 ± 2.47 | 11.25 ± 2.73 | –5.083 | ≤0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms2 | 21.86 ± 6.30 | 18.63 ± 5.69 | –5.803 | ≤0.001 |
| Quality of life2 | 31.62 ± 7.48 | 36.10 ± 6.76 | 7.371 | ≤0.001 |
[i] 1Chi-square; 2Independent sample t-test.
Adjusted residuals >1.96.
Table 4
Multiple Linear Regression Model of Variables to Study the Quality of Life of Adolescents With CC.
| UNSTANDARDIZED COEFFICIENT | STANDARDIZED COEFFICIENT | t | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | STANDARD ERROR | β | ||
| Being a bully | 0.93 | 0.62 | 0.04 | 1.50 |
| Being a victim of bullying | –1.07 | 0.52 | –0.06* | –2.07 |
| Being a cyberbully | –2.05 | 0.89 | –0.06* | –2.29 |
| Being a victim of cyberbullying | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.03 | 0.92 |
| Liking school | 1.12 | 0.41 | 0.08** | 2.71 |
| Self-harm | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.16*** | 5.24 |
| Family support | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.12*** | 3.87 |
| Support from friends | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 1.26 |
| Relationship with teachers | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.06* | 2.08 |
| Relationship with peers | –0.06 | 0.47 | –0.00 | –0.14 |
| Physical and psychological symptoms | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.13*** | 3.93 |
| Anxiety | –0.47 | 0.09 | –0.18*** | –5.13 |
| Depressive symptoms | –0.33 | 0.05 | –0.28*** | –7.23 |
[i] The results were adjusted for age and gender.
The variables were entered using the “enter” mode.
*p ≤ 0.05. **p ≤ 0.01. *** p ≤ 0.001.
Dependent variable: Perception of quality of life.