Figure 1
women workers carrying spoil to the dump at the ‘Ayn Shams excavation, probably between 1920 and 1933. G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection, Library of Congress.
Figure 2
An image recorded as ‘Arab peasant women carrying brush collected as fuel,’ taken sometime between 1898 and 1946, a name which itself highlights the generic way in which Palestinian rural women were viewed by the Western gaze. G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection, Library of Congress.
Figure 3
‘Ruth carrying off wheat measured by Boaz’: one of a series of images by the American Colony, a major tourist business in Mandate Palestine. The series, which depicts a Palestinian woman in dress common in the late Ottoman period, was sold as showing the Biblical story of Ruth. G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection, Library of Congress.