Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Post-disaster reconstruction: infill housing prototypes for Kathmandu Cover

Post-disaster reconstruction: infill housing prototypes for Kathmandu

By: Joshua Bolchover and  Kent Mundle  
Open Access
|Mar 2026

References

  1. Adhikari, R. K., & D’Ayala, D. (2020). 2015 Nepal earthquake: Seismic performance and post-earthquake reconstruction of stone in mud mortar masonry buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 18(3), 38633896. 10.1007/s10518-020-00851-0
  2. Bajracharya, S. B. (2014). The thermal performance of traditional residential buildings in Kathmandu Valley. Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 10(1), 172183. 10.3126/jie.v10i1.10897
  3. Banjade, M. R., Paudel, N. S., Karki, R., Sunam, R., & Paudyal, B. R. (2011). Putting timber in the hot seat: Discourse, policy and contestations over timber in Nepal (Discussion Paper Series No. 11:2, June). ForestAction Nepal. https://forestaction.org/app/webroot/vendor/tinymce/editor/plugins/filemanager/files/2.%20%202011_11.2_Jun_Discussion%20Paper%2011.2_Timber%20Discourse.pdf
  4. Build Change. (2015). Post-disaster reconnaissance report on April 25, 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal. Build Change. https://get.buildchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2015.10.01-Nepal-EQ-Reconnaissance-Report_Build-Change_Rev-Oct-2015.pdf
  5. Crawford, R. H., Czerniakowski, I., & Fuller, R. J. (2010). A comprehensive framework for assessing the life-cycle energy of building construction assemblies. Architectural Science Review, 53(3), 288296. 10.3763/asre.2010.0020
  6. Employees Provident Fund. (2025). Interest rates. https://www.epf.org.np/interest-rates/
  7. EPA. (2024). Average passenger vehicle emissions calculations. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/average-passenger-vehicle-emissions
  8. GlobalABC. (2025). Global status report for buildings and construction 2024/25. UN Environment Programme (UNEP) & Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GlobalABC). https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-status-report-buildings-and-construction-20242025
  9. Hammond, G., & Jones, B. (2019). Inventory of carbon and energy (ICE) v3.0. Circular Ecology. https://circularecology.com/embodied-carbon-footprint-database.html
  10. IEA. (2024, October). World energy outlook 2024. International Energy Agency (IEA). https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024
  11. ILO Nepal & GIZ Nepal. (2014). Analysis of labour market and migration trends in Nepal. International Labour Organization (ILO) & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). https://www.ceslam.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Sijapati_Bhattarai_Pathak_2015_AnalysisofLabourMarketandMigrationTrendsinNepal.pdf
  12. Ishtiaque, A., Shrestha, M., & Chhetri, N. (2017). Rapid urban growth in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Monitoring land use land cover dynamics of a Himalayan city with Landsat imageries. Environments, 4(4), 72. 10.3390/environments4040072
  13. Korn, W. (1976). The traditional architecture of Kathmandu Valley. Ratna Pustak Bhandar.
  14. Mesta, C., Cremen, G., & Galasso, C. (2022). Urban growth modelling and social vulnerability assessment for a hazardous Kathmandu Valley. Scientific Reports, 12, article 6152. 10.1038/s41598-022-09347-x
  15. Muzzini, E., & Aparicio, G. (2012). Urban growth and spatial transition in Nepal: An initial assessment. World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/722941468291027381/pdf/Urban-growth-and-spatial-transition-in-Nepal-an-initial-assessment.pdf
  16. National Planning Commission. (2015, June). Nepal earthquake 2015: Post-disaster needs assessment, Vol. A: Key findings. Government of Nepal. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/SAR/nepal/PDNA%20Volume%20A%20Final.pdf
  17. National Reconstruction Authority. (2021). International conference on Nepal’s reconstruction 2021: From reconstruction to resilience (Conference Report). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority. https://hrrpnepal.org/uploads/media/ICNR-2021ProceedingsReport_comp_20220425175442.pdf
  18. National Statistics Office. (2023, March 24). National population and housing census 2021 (Volume I). Government of Nepal. https://shisiradhikari.com.np/library/546/1211
  19. National Statistics Office. (2024). Nepal living standards survey IV (NLSS IV), 2022/23: Statistical report. Government of Nepal. https://nsonepal.gov.np/
  20. Nepal Rastra Bank. (2024). Financial stability report 2022–23. Nepal Rastra Bank.
  21. Nepal Rastra Bank. (2025, July). Current macroeconomic and financial situation of Nepal (mid July 2025). Nepal Rastra Bank.
  22. Scalisi, F., & Sposito, C. (2019). Measure the embodied energy in building materials: An eco-sustainable approach for construction. In Sayigh, A. (Ed.), Renewable energy and sustainable buildings (pp. 245255). Springer. 10.1007/978-3-030-18488-9_19
  23. Sengupta, U., & Bhattarai Upadhyaya, V. (2016). Lost in transition? Emerging forms of residential architecture in Kathmandu. Cities, 52, 94102. 10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.007
  24. Timsina, N. P. (2022). Political economy of urban change: Kathmandu (Working paper). University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh Research Archive. https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/38906
  25. UNDP. (2025). Assessment of brick, cement, and steel sectors in Nepal. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
  26. UN-Habitat. (2010). Nepal urban housing sector profile. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).
  27. United Nations Population Division. (2022). World population prospects 2022. United Nations. https://population.un.org/wpp/
  28. WGBC. (2019, September). World green building week 2019. World Green Building Council (WGBC). https://worldgbc.org/wgbw19/
  29. World Bank. (2015). Nepal earthquake 2015: Post-disaster needs assessment (Executive summary). Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission & World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/546211467998818313/pdf/97501-WP-PUBLIC-Box391481B-nepal-post-disaster-needs-assement-report-PUBLIC.pdf
  30. World Bank. (2022). Country climate and development report: Nepal. World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099010225203523045
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.694 | Journal eISSN: 2632-6655
Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 3, 2025
|
Accepted on: Jan 25, 2026
|
Published on: Mar 5, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Joshua Bolchover, Kent Mundle, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.