References
- 1Acquaye, A. A., & Duffy, A. P. (2010). Input–output analysis of Irish construction sector greenhouse gas emissions. Building and Environment, 45, 784–791. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.08.022
- 2Acquaye, A., Duffy, A., & Basu, B. (2011). Embodied emissions abatement—A policy assessment using stochastic analysis. Energy Policy, 39, 429–441. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.022
- 3Ampatzi, E., & Knight, I. (2012). Modelling the effect of realistic domestic energy demand profiles and internal gains on the predicted performance of solar thermal systems. Energy and Buildings, 55, 285–298. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.08.031
- 4BEIS. (2017). Changes to government’s Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP): Government response. London: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS).
- 5BEIS. (2018a). Clean growth—Transforming heating: Overview of current evidence. London: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS).
- 6BEIS. (2018b). Digest of United Kingdom energy statistics 2018. London: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS).
- 7BEIS. (2019a). Energy consumption in the UK (ECUK) 1970 to 2018. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). Retrieved from
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/820843/Energy_Consumption_in_the_UK__ECUK__MASTER_COPY.pdf - 8BEIS. (2019b). Energy consumption in the UK (ECUK): End use tables. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). Retrieved from
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/826726/2019_End_use_tables_2.xlsx - 9CarbonBrief. (2019). In-depth Q & A: The UK becomes the first major economy to set net-zero climate goal. Retrieved from
https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-uk-becomes-first-major-economy-to-set-net-zero-climate-goal - 10CCC. (2018). Reducing UK emissions—2018 Progress report to Parliament. London: Committee on Climate Change (CCC).
- 11CIBSE. (2013). TM54, Evaluating operational energy performance of buildings at the design stage. London: Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE).
- 12Coakley, D., Raftery, P., & Keane, M. (2014). A review of methods to match building energy simulation models to measured data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 123–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.007
- 13Cotterell, J., & Dadeby, A. (2012). The Passivhaus handbook: A practical guide to constructing and retrofitting buildings for ultra-low energy performance. Cambridge: Green Books.
- 14Currie & Brown. (2019). A report for the Committee on Climate Change: The costs and benefits of tighter standards for new buildings. London: Currie & Brown.
- 15DECC. (2012). The government’s Standard Assessment Procedure for energy rating of dwellings. Watford: Building Research Establishment (BRE) for Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC).
- 16De Wolf, C., Pomponi, F., & Moncaster, A. (2017). Measuring embodied carbon dioxide equivalent of buildings: A review and critique of current industry practice. Energy and Buildings, 140, 68–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.075
- 17EPIA. (2012). Connecting the sun—Solar photovoltaics on the road to large-scale grid integration—Full Report. Brussels: European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA).
- 18EST. (2012). Powering the nation: Household electricity-using habits revealed. London: Energy Savings Trust (EST).
- 19EU. (2009). Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Brussels: European Union.
- 20EU. (2010). Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings. Strasbourg: European Union.
- 21EU. (2018). Directive 2018/844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency. Strasbourg: European Union.
- 22Hall, M. R., Casey, S. P., Loveday, D. L., & Gillott, M. (2013). Analysis of UK domestic building retrofit scenarios based on the E.ON Retrofit Research House using energetic hygrothermics simulation—Energy efficiency, indoor air quality, occupant comfort, and mould growth potential. Building and Environment, 70, 48–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.015
- 23Heinonen, J., & Junnila, S. (2014). Residential energy consumption patterns and the overall housing energy requirements of urban and rural households in Finland. Energy and Buildings, 76, 295–303. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.02.079
- 24Hitchin, R. (2019). Primary energy factors and the primary energy intensity of delivered energy: An overview of possible calculation conventions. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 40(2), 198–219. DOI: 10.1177/0143624418799716
- 25Ibn-Mohammed, T., Greenough, R., Taylot, S., Ozawa-Meida, L., & Acquaye, A. (2013). Operational vs. embodied emissions in buildings—A review of current trends. Energy and Buildings, 66, 232–245. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.07.026
- 26IPCC. (2005). Safeguarding the ozone layer and the global climate system: Issues related to hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
- 27IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
- 28IPCC. (2018). Special report: Global warming of 1.5°C. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Retrieved from
https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ - 29ISO. (2017). ISO 52000-1:2017. Energy performance of buildings—Overarching EPB assessment—Part 1: General framework and procedures. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
- 30Knight, I., Kreutzer, N., Manning, M., & Swinton, M. (2007). European and Canadian non-HVAC electric and DHW load profiles for use in simulating the performance of residential cogeneration systems. Ottawa: Department of Natural Resources Canada.
- 31Krick, B. (2015). The new proposed Passive House classes explained. Retrieved from
https://passivehouseplus.ie/magazine/insight/the-new-proposed-passive-house-classes-explained - 32Lehne, J., & Preston, F. (2018). Making concrete change: Innovation in low-carbon cement and concrete. London: Chatham House.
- 33Mann, S. A., de Wild-Scholten, M. J., Fthenakis, V. M., van Sark, W. G. J. H. M., & Sinke, W. C. (2014). The energy payback time of advanced crystalline silicon PV modules in 2020: A prospective study. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 22, 1180–1194. DOI: 10.1002/pip.2363
- 34Meng, J., Mi, Z., Guan, D., Li, J., Tao, S., Li, Y., Feng, K., Liu, J., Wang, X., Zhang, Q., & Davis, S, J. (2018). The rise of South–South trade and its effect on global CO2 emissions. Nature Communications, 9, 1871. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04337-y
- 35Monahan, J., & Powell, J. C. (2011). A comparison of the energy and carbon implications of new systems of energy provision in new build housing in the UK. Energy Policy, 39, 290–298. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.09.041
- 36Nawaz, I., & Tiwari, G. N. (2006). Embodied analysis of photovoltaic (PV) system based on macro- and micro-level. Energy Policy, 34, 3144–3152. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2005.06.018
- 37NRC. (1979). Carbon dioxide and climate: A scientific assessment. Washington, DC: National Academies Press for National Research Council (NRC).
- 38Parkin, A., Mitchell, A., & Coley, D. (2015). A new way of thinking about environmental building standards: Developing and demonstrating a client-led zero-energy standard. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 37(4), 413–430. DOI: 10.1177/0143624415615328
- 39Passive-on. (2007). The Passivhaus standard in European warm climates: Design guidelines for comfortable low energy homes Part 1. A review of comfortable low energy homes. Nottingham: University of Nottingham.
- 40Rauf, A., & Crawford, R. H. (2013). The relationship between material service life and the life cycle energy of contemporary residential buildings in Australia. Architectural Science Review, 56, 252–261. DOI: 10.1080/00038628.2013.810548
- 41Rogers, A., & Parson, O. (2019). GridCarbon: A smartphone app to calculate the carbon intensity of the GB electricity grid. Retrieved from
https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/people/alex.rogers/gridcarbon/gridcarbon.pdf - 42RICS. (2018). Whole life carbon assessment for the built environment. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). Retrieved from
https://www.rics.org/uk/upholding-professional-standards/sector-standards/building-surveying/whole-life-carbon-assessment-for-the-built-environment/ - 43Sartori, I., Napolitano, A., & Voss, K. (2012). Net zero energy buildings: A consistent definition framework. Energy and Buildings, 48, 220–232. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.01.032
- 44Stackhouse, P. W., Zhang, T., Westberg, D., Barnett, A. J., Bristow, T., Macpherson, B., & Hoell, J. M. (2018). POWER release 8.0.1 (with GIS applications) methodology (data parameters, sources, & validation). Retrieved from
https://power.larc.nasa.gov/documents/POWER_Data_v9_methodology.pdf - 45Stephan, A., Crawford, R. H., & de Myttenaere, K. (2012). Towards a comprehensive life cycle energy analysis framework for residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 55. 592–600. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.09.008
- 46Stephan, A., Crawford, R. H., & de Myttenaere, K. (2013a). A comprehensive assessment of the life cycle energy demand of passive houses. Applied Energy, 112, 23–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.076
- 47Stephan, A., Crawford, R. H., & de Myttenaere, K. (2013b). Multiscale life cycle energy analysis of a low-density suburban neighbourhood in Melbourne, Australia. Building and Environment, 68, 35–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.06.003
- 48Szokolay, S. V. (2008). Introduction to architectural science: The basis of sustainable design, 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier.
- 49UN. (1998). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. United Nations (UN). Retrieved from
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf - 50UN. (2015). Paris Agreement. United Nations (UN). Retrieved from
https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2016/02/20160215%2006-03%20PM/Ch_XXVII-7-d.pdf - 51Voss, K., & Musall, E. (2013). Net zero energy buildings: International projects of carbon neutrality in buildings. Munich: Detail.
- 52Zero Carbon Hub. (2014). Closing the gap between design and as-built performance: End of term report. London: Zero Carbon Hub.