References
- Abdelouahed M, Yateem D, Amzil C, Aribi I, Abdelwahed EH, Fredericks S. Integrating artificial intelligence into public health education and healthcare: Insights from the COVID‑19 and monkeypox crises for future pandemic readiness. Front Educ. 2025;10:1518909. doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1518909.
- Wang X, He X, Wei J, Liu J, LI Y, Liu X. Application of artificial intelligence to public health education. Front Public Health. 2023;10:1087174. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1087174.
- Wang J, Li J. Artificial intelligence empowering public health education: Prospects and challenges. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1389026. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1389026.
- Kolachalama VB. Machine learning and pre‑medical education. Artif Intell Med. 2022;129:102313. doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102313.
- Ongesa TN, Ugwu OPC, Ugwu CN, et al. Optimizing emergency response systems in urban health crises: A project management approach to public health preparedness and response. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(3):e41279. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000041279.
- Muhammad A, Ansari A. The role of artificial intelligence in public health surveillance: A post‑pandemic narrative review. Public Health Intell Rev. 2023;1(1):1–15.
- Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616.
- Guo Y, Liu X, Susarla A, Padman R. YouTube videos for public health literacy? A machine learning pipeline to curate COVID‑19 videos. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2024;310:760–764. doi:10.3233/SHTI231067.
- Xie Y, Seth I, Hunter‑Smith DJ, Rozen WM, Seifman MA. Investigating the impact of innovative AI chatbot on post‑pandemic medical education and clinical assistance: A comprehensive analysis. ANZ J Surg. 2024;94(1‑2):68–77. doi:10.1111/ans.18666.
- Franchini M, Pieroni S, Martini N, et al. Shifting the paradigm: The dress‑COV telegram bot as a tool for participatory medicine. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(23):8786. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238786.
- Văduva LL, Nedelcu A‑M, Stancu D, et al. Digital technologies for public health services after the COVID‑19 pandemic: A risk management analysis. Sustainability. 2023;15(4):3146. doi:10.3390/su15043146.
- Parums DV. Artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical medicine and the 2020 CONSORT‑AI study guidelines. Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e933675. doi:10.12659/MSM.933675.
- Tekinay ON. Curious questions about COVID‑19 pandemic with ChatGPT: Answers and recommendations. Ann Biomed Eng. 2023;51(7):e12345–e12356.
- Sezgin E, Kocaballi AB. Era of generalist conversational artificial intelligence to support public health communications. J Med Internet Res. 2025;27:e69007. doi:10.2196/69007.
- McKee M, Rosenbacke R, Stuckler D. The power of artificial intelligence for managing pandemics: A primer for public health professionals. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2025;40(1):257–270. doi:10.1002/hpm.3864.
- Haupt MR, Yang L, Purnat T, Mackey T. Evaluating the influence of role‑playing prompts on ChatGPT’s misinformation detection accuracy: Quantitative study. JMIR Infodemiology. 2024;4:e60678. doi:10.2196/60678. PMID: 39326035; PMCID: PMC11467603.
- Tanui CK, Ndembi N, Kebede Y, Tessema SK. Artificial intelligence to transform public health in Africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24(9):e542. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00435-3.
- Bharel M, Auerbach J, Nguyen V, DeSalvo KB. Transforming public health practice with generative artificial intelligence. Health Aff (Millwood). 2024;43(6):776–782. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2024.00050. PMID: 38830160.
- Meo SA, Alotaibi M, Meo MZS, Meo MOS, Hamid M. Medical knowledge of ChatGPT in public health, infectious diseases, COVID‑19 pandemic, and vaccines: multiple choice questions examination based performance. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1360597. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1360597. PMID: 38711764; PMCID: PMC11073538.
- Zeeb H, Schüz B, Schultz T, et al. Entwicklungen in der Digitalisierung von Public Health seit 2020. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 2024;67:260–267. doi:10.1007/s00103-023-03827-9.
- Towler L, Bondaronek P, Papakonstantinou T, et al. Applying machine‑learning to rapidly analyze large qualitative text datasets to inform the COVID‑19 pandemic response: Comparing human and machine‑assisted topic analysis techniques. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1268223. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1268223. PMID: 38026376; PMCID: PMC10644111.
- Ma M, Li Y, Gao L, et al. The need for digital health education among next‑generation health workers in China: A cross‑sectional survey on digital health education. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23:541. doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04407-w.
- Jia P, Liu S, Yang S. Innovations in public health surveillance for emerging infections. Annu Rev Public Health. 2023;44:55–74. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-051920-093141. Epub 2023 Jan 10. PMID: 36626834.
- Kufel J, Bargieł K, Koźlik M, et al. Application of artificial intelligence in diagnosing COVID‑19 disease symptoms on chest X‑rays: A systematic review. Int J Med Sci. 2022;19(12):1743–1752. Published 2022 Sep 28. doi:10.7150/ijms.76515.
- Wang W, Zhao X, Jia Y. Application of artificial intelligence in human diagnosis and public health management. Research Square; 2021. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-486721/v1.
- Weeks R, Cooper L, Sangha P, et al. Chatbot‑delivered COVID‑19 vaccine communication message preferences of young adults and public health workers in urban American communities: Qualitative study. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(7):e38418. doi:10.2196/38418.
- Dzau VJ, Ellaissi WF, Krishnan KRR, Balatbat CA. How academic health systems can be ready for the next pandemic. Acad Med. 2022;97(4):479–483. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000004572. PMID: 34966030.
- Wen C, Liu W, He Z, Liu C. Research on emergency management of global public health emergencies driven by digital technology: A bibliometric analysis. Front Public Health. 2023;10:1100401. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1100401.
- Scott IA, Coiera EW. Can AI help in the fight against COVID‑19? Med J Aust. 2020;213(10):439–441. doi:10.5694/mja2.50821.
- Uohara MY, Weinstein JN, Rhew DC. The essential role of technology in the public health battle against COVID‑19. Popul Health Manag. 2020;23(5):361–367. doi:10.1089/pop.2020.0187. Epub 2020 Aug 26. PMID: 32857014.
- Montenegro‑López D. Use of point‑of‑care technologies for the management of the COVID‑19 pandemic in Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2020;44:e97. doi:10.26633/RPSP.2020.97.
- Simsek M, Kantarci B. Artificial intelligence‑empowered mobilization of assessments in COVID‑19‑like pandemics: A case study for early flattening of the curve. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(10):3437. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103437.
- McKillop M, South B, Preininger A, Mason M, Jackson GP. Leveraging conversational technology to answer common COVID‑19 questions. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2021;28(4):850–855. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa316.
- Verma M, Mirza M, Sayal K, et al. Leveraging artificial intelligence to promote COVID‑19‑appropriate behaviour in a healthcare institution from north India: A feasibility study. Indian J Med Res. 2025;161(1):81–90. doi:10.25259/IJMR_337_2024.
- Bynon Neely S, Long S, Cygan H, Kalensky M. Broadcast health: Leveraging YouTube for community health education. Public Health Nurs. 2024;41(2):209–214. doi:10.1111/phn.13268.
- Hodge JG Jr, Weidenaar K. Public health emergencies as threats to national security. J Natl Secur Law Policy. 2016;9:81–108.
- World Health Organization. Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health. WHO guidance; 2021:150.
- Gawande A, Zade N, Kumar P. The role of artificial intelligence in pandemic responses: From epidemiological modeling to vaccine development. Mol Biomed. 2025;6:1. doi:10.1186/s43556-024-00238-3.
- Love AS, Niu C, Labay‑Marquez J. Artificial intelligence in public health education: Navigating ethical challenges and empowering the next generation of professionals. Health Promot Pract. 2025:15248399251320989. doi:10.1177/15248399251320989. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40017174.
- Parums DV. Infectious disease surveillance using artificial intelligence (AI) and its role in epidemic and pandemic preparedness. Med Sci Monit. 2023;29:e941209. doi:10.12659/MSM.941209.
- Matterne U, Egger N, Tempes J, et al. Health literacy in the general population in epidemic or pandemic coronavirus outbreak situations: Rapid scoping review. Patient Educ Couns. 2021;104(2):223–234. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.10.012.
- Olawade DB, Wada OJ, David‑Olawade AC, Kunonga E, Abaire O, Ling J. Using artificial intelligence to improve public health: A narrative review. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1196397. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1196397.
- Chidambaram S, Jain B, Jain U, et al. An introduction to digital determinants of health. PLOS Digit Health. 2024;3(1):e0000346. doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000346.
