Table 1
Global deaths and DALYs attributable to particulate matter pollution in 2021 and estimated annual percentage changes from 1990 to 2021.
| CAUSE OF DEATH OR DALYS | DEATHS | DALYS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NUMBER OF CASES, 2021 | AGE‑STANDARDIZED RATES PER 100,000 PEOPLE, 2021 | AGE‑STANDARDIZED PAF (%), 2021 | EAPC IN AGE‑STANDARDIZED RATES (%), 1990–2021 | NUMBER OF CASES, 2021 | AGE‑STANDARDIZED RATES PER 100,000 PEOPLE, 2021 | AGE‑STANDARDIZED PAF (%), 2021 | EAPC IN AGE‑STANDARDIZED RATES (%), 1990–2021 | |
| All causes | 7,833,220.92 (6,479,473.76 to 9,263,395.35) | 96.69 (79.91 to 114.40) | 11.57 (9.73 to 13.53) | −2.18 (−2.31 to −2.04) | 231,511,232.94 (194,538,892.20 to 270,855,451.37) | 2984.47 (2489.63 to 3487.35) | 8.25 (6.85 to 9.69) | −2.27 (−2.39 to −2.15) |
| APMP‑attributable causes | 4,718,812.24 (3,480,471.83 to 5,795,946.44) | 57.62 (42.32 to 70.99) | 6.90 (5.13 to 8.41) | −0.34 (−0.48 to −0.20) | 120,004,672.01 (86,560,331.22 to 149,810,185.34) | 1483.61 (1069.48 to 1869.55) | 4.10 (2.98 to 5.13) | −0.28 (−0.43 to −0.12) |
| HPMP‑attributable causes | 3,112,926.41 (1,895,168.20 to 5,188,696.63) | 39.05 (23.97 to 64.45) | 4.67 (2.86 to 7.63) | −3.81 (−4.13 to −3.49) | 111,462,958.29 (75,085,852.45 to 163,710,710.53) | 1500.29 (1028.38 to 2195.56) | 4.15 (2.79 to 5.97) | −3.52 (−3.77 to −3.27) |
| Female | 3,478,614.32 (2,842,903.78 to 4,127,413.84) | 78.35 (64.30 to 92.70) | 11.51 (9.52 to 13.43) | −2.35 (−2.47 to −2.23) | 99,047,039.32 (82,679,826.81 to 117,756,358.69) | 2480.23 (2059.40 to 2951.19) | 7.60 (6.20 to 9.00) | −2.43 (−2.54 to −2.31) |
| Male | 4,354,606.60 (3,629,597.41 to 5,195,553.86) | 119.23 (99.30 to 142.09) | 11.70 (9.83 to 13.72) | −2.06 (−2.21 to −1.90) | 132,464,193.62 (110,995,515.82 to 154,576,904.15) | 3535.80 (2953.30 to 4130.72) | 8.83 (7.39 to 10.23) | −2.16 (−2.28 to −2.03) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 4,482,496.23 (3,567,564.40 to 5,392,617.34) | 53.62 (42.70 to 64.57) | 22.80 (18.84 to 26.90) | −1.92 (−2.06 to −1.78) | 99,637,837.09 (80,843,498.77 to 118,292,884.66) | 1161.77 (939.61 to 1380.37) | 22.98 (19.09 to 26.85) | −1.90 (−2.03 to −1.76) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2,492,809.91 (1,866,677.65 to 3,103,230.08) | 29.88 (22.33 to 37.22) | 27.48 (21.21 to 33.85) | −1.37 (−1.47 to −1.28) | 54,675,670.12 (41,652,489.01 to 67,418,885.61) | 638.48 (486.47 to 787.82) | 28.86 (22.37 to 35.37) | −1.31 (−1.41 to −1.22) |
| Stroke | 1,989,686.32 (1,530,479.07 to 2,493,237.87) | 23.74 (18.26 to 29.80) | 27.15 (21.64 to 33.64) | −2.51 (−2.72 to −2.30) | 44,962,166.97 (35,020,338.76 to 55,467,023.53) | 523.30 (407.96 to 645.58) | 27.75 (22.32 to 34.22) | −2.49 (−2.68 to −2.30) |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 995,650.44 (763,171.63 to 1,249,510.29) | 11.69 (8.94 to 14.69) | 29.91 (23.60 to 36.66) | −2.54 (−2.82 to −2.26) | 24,015,341.78 (18,414,608.05 to 29,838,879.10) | 276.93 (212.21 to 344.36) | 29.98 (23.83 to 36.70) | −2.58 (−2.83 to −2.33) |
| Ischemic stroke | 905,602.35 (694,785.38 to 1,144,793.07) | 11.01 (8.44 to 13.96) | 24.93 (19.93 to 31.10) | −2.19 (−2.37 to −2.02) | 18,295,352.08 (14,324,970.64 to 22,541,397.17) | 215.64 (168.84 to 266.03) | 25.76 (20.60 to 32.03) | −2.04 (−2.20 to −1.87) |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 88,433.52 (65,255.07 to 116,468.07) | 1.04 (0.76 to 1.36) | 24.73 (19.35 to 30.95) | −4.64 (−4.92 to −4.35) | 2,651,473.11 (1,994,097.80 to 3,505,548.54) | 30.73 (23.13 to 40.64) | 24.50 (19.35 to 30.48) | −4.20 (−4.43 to −3.97) |
| Maternal and neonatal disorders | 496,966.05 (419,486.39 to 580,880.21) | 8.03 (6.78 to 9.39) | 25.13 (23.34 to 27.04) | −1.53 (−1.63 to −1.43) | 44,737,310.78 (37,766,689.50 to 52,293,054.19) | 723.06 (610.39 to 845.18) | 23.35 (21.54 to 25.21) | −1.53 (−1.63 to −1.43) |
| Neonatal disorders | 496,966.05 (419,486.39 to 580,880.21) | 8.03 (6.78 to 9.39) | 27.18 (25.28 to 29.26) | −1.53 (−1.63 to −1.43) | 44,737,310.78 (37,766,689.50 to 52,293,054.19) | 723.06 (610.39 to 845.18) | 24.58 (22.65 to 26.55) | −1.53 (−1.63 to −1.43) |
| Neonatal preterm birth | 227,615.56 (189,160.11 to 271,466.91) | 3.68 (3.06 to 4.39) | 30.84 (28.69 to 33.10) | −1.73 (−1.80 to −1.66) | 20,494,977.58 (17,038,342.06 to 24,435,506.76) | 331.25 (275.38 to 394.95) | 26.41 (24.31 to 28.80) | −1.73 (−1.80 to −1.66) |
| Neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma | 155,361.31 (129,104.49 to 187,255.72) | 2.51 (2.09 to 3.03) | 25.77 (23.38 to 28.09) | −1.15 (−1.32 to −0.98) | 13,980,138.89 (11,617,949.83 to 16,850,172.87) | 225.97 (187.79 to 272.36) | 24.24 (21.91 to 26.44) | −1.15 (−1.32 to −0.98) |
| Neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections | 54,025.69 (45,371.42 to 64,084.44) | 0.87 (0.73 to 1.04) | 23.24 (21.62 to 24.81) | −0.96 (−1.09 to −0.84) | 4,861,948.25 (4,083,310.36 to 5,767,175.69) | 78.57 (65.98 to 93.19) | 21.20 (19.59 to 22.79) | −0.96 (−1.09 to −0.84) |
| Other neonatal disorders | 52,435.68 (36,764.50 to 65,587.59) | 0.85 (0.59 to 1.06) | 23.65 (21.45 to 25.59) | −1.77 (−1.94 to −1.61) | 4,720,040.50 (3,309,887.35 to 5,902,580.05) | 76.29 (53.49 to 95.40) | 23.34 (21.15 to 25.30) | −1.77 (−1.93 to −1.61) |
| Hemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice | 7527.82 (5818.67 to 9920.66) | 0.12 (0.09 to 0.16) | 22.40 (20.29 to 24.79) | −3.52 (−3.69 to −3.35) | 680,205.56 (526,741.16 to 895,348.64) | 10.99 (8.51 to 14.47) | 18.82 (16.78 to 20.90) | −3.51 (−3.68 to −3.34) |
| Respiratory infections and tuberculosis | 65,1356.39 (12,1714.90 to 1,076,711.75) | 8.68 (1.71 to 14.39) | 6.34 (1.26 to 10.44) | −3.02 (−3.19 to −2.86) | 29,110,366.69 (7,007,734.71 to 48,141,777.96) | 420.28 (106.66 to 693.37) | 9.63 (2.44 to 15.57) | −3.76 (−3.96 to −3.55) |
| Lower respiratory infections | 651,238.01 (121,605.08 to 1,076,503.21) | 8.68 (1.71 to 14.39) | 30.21 (6.15 to 48.36) | −3.02 (−3.19 to −2.86) | 29,098,330.84 (6,988,264.72 to 48,127,683.27) | 420.09 (106.35 to 693.12) | 35.84 (9.29 to 56.41) | −3.76 (−3.96 to −3.55) |
| Upper respiratory infections | 116.58 (18.26 to 299.46) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.59 (0.28 to 0.85) | −2.44 (−2.52 to −2.37) | 11,708.46 (2800.50 to 28,081.79) | 0.19 (0.05 to 0.45) | 0.23 (0.07 to 0.49) | −2.32 (−2.39 to −2.25) |
| Otitis media | 1.80 (0.55 to 4.62) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | 0.41 (0.24 to 0.74) | −6.28 (−6.51 to −6.05) | 327.40 (156.27 to 626.36) | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.03) | −4.54 (−4.80 to −4.28) |
| Chronic respiratory diseases | 1,535,298.01 (1,214,704.19 to 1,918,255.85) | 18.51 (14.64 to 23.13) | 34.57 (28.32 to 42.55) | −2.96 (−3.13 to −2.79) | 332,38712.44 (26,680,066.05 to 41,336,741.04) | 389.50 (312.59 to 484.62) | 30.10 (24.54 to 36.88) | −2.87 (−3.01 to −2.74) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1,535,298.01 (1,214,704.19 to 1,918,255.85) | 18.51 (14.64 to 23.13) | 40.95 (33.37 to 50.00) | −2.96 (−3.13 to −2.79) | 33,238,712.44 (26,680,066.05 to 41,336,741.04) | 389.50 (312.59 to 484.62) | 41.41 (34.01 to 50.17) | −2.87 (−3.01 to −2.74) |
| Diabetes and kidney diseases | 281,908.84 (165,678.17 to 395,527.82) | 3.32 (1.95 to 4.66) | 8.69 (5.35 to 12.41) | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.10) | 12,904,493.55 (7,501,414.23 to 19,485,253.91) | 148.92 (86.50 to 224.91) | 10.25 (6.18 to 14.71) | 0.77 (0.71 to 0.83) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 281,908.84 (165,678.17 to 395,527.82) | 3.32 (1.95 to 4.66) | 16.94 (10.38 to 24.09) | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.10) | 12,904,493.55 (7,501,414.23 to 19,485,253.91) | 148.92 (86.50 to 224.91) | 16.24 (9.94 to 23.12) | 0.77 (0.71 to 0.83) |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 281,908.84 (165,678.17 to 395,527.82) | 3.32 (1.95 to 4.66) | 17.47 (10.69 to 24.84) | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.10) | 12,904,493.55 (7,501,414.23 to 19,485,253.91) | 148.92 (86.50 to 224.91) | 17.07 (10.48 to 24.30) | 0.77 (0.71 to 0.83) |
| Neoplasms | 374,212.72 (236,358.33 to 520,255.39) | 4.34 (2.74 to 6.04) | 3.73 (2.42 to 5.17) | −1.32 (−1.49 to −1.16) | 8,934,120.30 (5,681,090.30 to 12,409,780.48) | 102.08 (64.89 to 141.62) | 3.45 (2.24 to 4.78) | −1.64 (−1.80 to −1.48) |
| Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer | 374,212.72 (236,358.33 to 520,255.39) | 4.34 (2.74 to 6.04) | 18.47 (11.87 to 25.52) | −1.32 (−1.49 to −1.16) | 8,934,120.30 (5,681,090.30 to 12,409,780.48) | 102.08 (64.89 to 141.62) | 19.15 (12.35 to 26.33) | −1.64 (−1.80 to −1.48) |
| Sense organ diseases | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1,956,323.97 (−612,092.84 to 4,033,705.23) | 22.84 (−7.15 to 47.05) | 2.54 (−0.60 to 5.17) | −1.51 (−1.72 to −1.29) |
| Blindness and vision loss | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1,956,323.97 (−612,092.84 to 4,033,705.23) | 22.84 (−7.15 to 47.05) | 6.83 (−1.66 to 14.11) | −1.51 (−1.72 to −1.29) |
| Cataract | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1,956,323.97 (−612,092.84 to 4,033,705.23) | 22.84 (−7.15 to 47.05) | 29.81 (−7.97 to 57.77) | −1.51 (−1.72 to −1.29) |
| Enteric infections | 6558.80 (4931.11 to 9244.79) | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.15) | 0.60 (0.41 to 0.85) | −6.20 (−6.49 to −5.92) | 593,959.88 (446,774.05 to 835,347.37) | 9.60 (7.22 to 13.50) | 0.94 (0.73 to 1.26) | −6.19 (−6.47 to −5.91) |
| Diarrheal diseases | 6558.80 (4931.11 to 9244.79) | 0.11 (0.08 to 0.15) | 0.70 (0.46 to 1.02) | −6.20 (−6.49 to −5.92) | 593,959.88 (446,774.05 to 835,347.37) | 9.60 (7.22 to 13.50) | 1.15 (0.88 to 1.49) | −6.19 (−6.47 to −5.91) |
| Other infectious diseases | 3715.75 (2867.22 to 4849.19) | 0.06 (0.05 to 0.08) | 0.74 (0.59 to 0.97) | −2.65 (−3.03 to −2.26) | 334,394.98 (258,055.71 to 436,365.86) | 5.40 (4.17 to 7.05) | 0.91 (0.73 to 1.21) | −2.65 (−3.03 to −2.26) |
| Meningitis | 3434.16 (2619.15 to 4550.79) | 0.06 (0.04 to 0.07) | 1.89 (1.59 to 2.38) | −2.70 (−3.11 to −2.29) | 309,052.23 (235,708.82 to 409,534.00) | 4.99 (3.81 to 6.62) | 2.40 (2.01 to 3.03) | −2.70 (−3.11 to −2.29) |
| Encephalitis | 281.58 (211.51 to 363.29) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.38 (0.31 to 0.46) | −1.85 (−2.03 to −1.68) | 25,342.75 (19,039.85 to 32,694.56) | 0.41 (0.31 to 0.53) | 0.61 (0.51 to 0.72) | −1.85 (−2.03 to −1.68) |
| Other non‑communicable diseases | 708.14 (371.35 to 1049.21) | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.02) | 0.07 (0.04 to 0.10) | −3.69 (−3.96 to −3.42) | 63,713.25 (33,411.31 to 94,401.21) | 1.03 (0.54 to 1.52) | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.08) | −3.69 (−3.96 to −3.42) |
| Sudden infant death syndrome | 708.14 (371.35 to 1049.21) | 0.01 (0.01 to 0.02) | 2.32 (1.84 to 2.83) | −3.69 (−3.96 to −3.42) | 63,713.25 (33,411.31 to 94,401.21) | 1.03 (0.54 to 1.52) | 2.33 (1.84 to 2.83) | −3.69 (−3.96 to −3.42) |
Abbreviations: DALYs, disability‑adjusted life years. PMP, particulate matter pollution. APMP, ambient particulate matter pollution. HPMP, household particulate matter pollution. EAPCs, estimated annual percentage changes. PAFs, population attributable fractions.
Figure 1
Age‑specific numbers and rates of deaths and DALYs attributable to particulate matter pollution by sex in 2021.
(A) Deaths attributable to particulate matter pollution. (B) DALYs attributable to particulate matter pollution. DALYs, disability‑adjusted life years.
Figure 2
Age‑standardized DALY rates and their EAPCs attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution by country.
(A) Age‑standardised DALY rates, in 2021. (B) EAPCs in age‑standardised DALY rates, 1990–2021. DALYs, disability‑adjusted life years. EAPCs, estimated annual percentage changes.
Figure 3
Estimated annual percentage changes in age‑standardized DALY rates attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution, 1990–2021, for the leading ten level 3 attributable causes in 2021, by SDI quintile and GBD region.
For each region and SDI quintile, level 3 causes are ranked by attributable DALY counts in 2021 from left (first) to right (tenth). Causes are colored by their estimated annual percentage changes in age‑standardised DALY rates attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution, from 1990 to 2021. DALYs, disability‑adjusted life years. SDI, socio‑demographic index. GBD, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study.
Figure 4
Global rankings of fractions of level 3 causes in age‑standardized DALYs attributable to ambient and household particulate matter pollution globally in 2021.
The list of causes of disease burden represents the level 3 causes of age‑standardised DALYs (per 100,000 population) attributable to APMP and HPMP observed for both sexes globally in 2021. This same list of health conditions was ranked according to their PAFs for both APMP and HPMP globally in 2021. The colors of the bars denote whether the PAFs are higher for females (yellow) or males (purple) as established by whether the 95% uncertainty interval of the absolute difference in PAFs includes zero. DALYs, disability‑adjusted life years. APMP, ambient particulate matter pollution. HPMP, household particulate matter pollution. PAFs, population attributable fractions.
Figure 5
Fraction of neonatal disorders, ischemic heart disease, and stroke in age‑standardized DALYs attributable to particulate matter pollution by region and by age group for females and males in 2021.
(A) By region. (B) By age group. The three leading GBD level 3 causes of particulate matter pollution‑attributable DALYs are shown. DALYs, disability‑adjusted life years. GBD, Global Burden of Disease Study.
Figure 6
Age‑standardized death and DALY rates attributable to particulate matter pollution across 21 GBD regions by socio‑demographic index, 1990–2021.
(A) Age‑standardised death and DALY rates attributable to particulate matter pollution by SDI. (B) Age‑standardised death and DALY rates attributable to household particulate matter pollution by SDI. (C) Age‑standardised death and DALY rates attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution by SDI. For each region, points from left to right depict estimates from each year from 1990 to 2021. DALYs, disability‑adjusted life years. GBD, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. SDI, socio‑demographic index.