References
- World Health Organization. Global Public Health Intelligence Report 2022. WHO. 2023:1–68.
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/372054/9789240073579-eng.pdf?sequence=1 . - Hamblion E, Saad NJ, Greene‑Cramer B, et al. Global public health intelligence: World Health Organization operational practices. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023;3(9):e0002359.
https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0002359 . - Spagnolo L, Abdelmalik P, Doherty B, et al. Integration of the Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources (EIOS) and the INFORM Suite. Publications Office of the European Union; 2020. ISBN 978-92-76-21453-3, doi:10.2760/886534, JRC121515.
- Morgan OW, Abdelmalik P, Perez‑Gutierrez E, et al. How better pandemic and epidemic intelligence will prepare the world for future threats. Nat Med. 2022;28(8):1526–1528.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01900-5 . - Togami E, Griffith B, Mahran M, et al. The World Health Organization’s public health intelligence activities during the COVID‑19 pandemic response, December 2019 to December 2021. Eurosurveillance. 2022;27(49):2200142.
https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.49.2200142 . - Paquet C, Coulombier D, Kaiser R, Ciotti M. Epidemic intelligence: A new framework for strengthening disease surveillance in Europe. Eurosurveillance. 2006;11(12):212–214.
https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/esm.11.12.00665-en . - Crawley AW, Divi N, Smolinski MS. Using timeliness metrics to track progress and identify gaps in disease surveillance. Health Secur. 2021;19(3):309–317.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33891487/ . - Kuehne A, Keating P, Polonsky J, et al. Event‑based surveillance at health facility and community level in low‑income and middle‑income countries: A systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(6):e001878.
https://gh.bmj.com/content/4/6/e001878 . - Parums DV. Editorial: Infectious disease surveillance using artificial intelligence (AI) and its role in epidemic and pandemic preparedness. Med Sci Monit. 2023;29:e941209. doi:10.12659/MSM.941209.
- Jiao Z, Ji H, Yan J, Qi X. Application of big data and artificial intelligence in epidemic surveillance and containment. Intell Med. 2023;3(1):36–43. doi:10.1016/j.imed.2022.10.003. PMID: 36373090; PMCID: PMC9636598.
- World Health Organization. Epidemic Intelligence From Open Sources (EIOS) Initiative. Published 2023.
https://www.who.int/initiatives/eios . - Nott R, Fuller TL, Brasil P, Nielsen‑Saines K. Out‑of‑season influenza during a COVID‑19 void in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Temperature matters. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(5):821.
- Amref Health Africa. Kenya could be past fifth COVID‑19 wave—expert. The Star, Kenya. Published January 10, 2022.
https://newsroom.amref.org/news/2022/01/kenya-could-be-past-fifth-covid-19-wave-expert-the-star-kenya/ . - Githinji G, Lambisia AW, Omah I, et al. The genomic epidemiology of SARS‑CoV‑2 variants of concern in Kenya. MedRxiv. 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.26.22281446 . - World Health Organization. Afghanistan Infectious Disease Outbreaks Situation Report, Epidemiological Week #23. Published 2022.
https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/afghanistan/Outbreak-Situation-Report-Week-23-05-11-June-2022.pdf . - Balakrishnan VS. Diphtheria outbreak in Nigeria. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5(1):e11.
- Gaiya DD, Ozioko PC, Entonu ME, Umeasiegbu CU. Diphtheria outbreak in Nigeria: What we know now. Infect Prev Pract. 2024;6(1):100345.
- World Health Organization. Disease Outbreak News: Diphtheria‑Nigeria. Published September 13, 2023.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON485 . - Balajee SA, Salyer SJ, Greene‑Cramer B, Sadek M, Mounts AW. The practice of event‑based surveillance: Concept and methods. Glob Secur Health Sci Policy. 2021;6(1):1–9.
- Braun V, Clarke V.
Thematic analysis . In: Michalos AC, ed. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well‑Being Research. Springer International Publishing; 2024:7187–7193. doi:10.1037/13620-004. - Álvares D. Data shortfall impairs Brazil’s tracking of spreading virus. Associated Press. Published January 8, 2022.
https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-technology-health-public-health-pandemics-b91cb6537678a3dc691e3ffc58c8a83e . - Davis A. “We are blind”: Brazilian health officials have big data gaps amid rise in COVID and flu. Newsweek. Published January 7, 2022.
https://www.newsweek.com/we-are-blind-brazilian-health-officials-have-big-data-gaps-amid-rise-covid-flu-1667099 . - Gostin LO. Global polio eradication: Espionage, disinformation, and the politics of vaccination. Milbank Q. 2014;92(3):413–417.
- Sallam M, Jabbar R, Mahadoon LK, et al. Enhanced event‑based surveillance: Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources (EIOS) during FIFA World Cup 2022 Qatar. J Infect Public Health. 2024;17(9):102514.
- Williams GS, Koua EL, Abdelmalik P, et al. Evaluation of the epidemic intelligence from open sources (EIOS) system for the early detection of outbreaks and health emergencies in the African region. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):857.
- Ganser I, Thiébaut R, Buckeridge DL. Global variations in event‑based surveillance for disease outbreak detection: Time series analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022;8(10):e36211.
- Archer BN, Abdelmalik P, Cognat S, et al. Defining collaborative surveillance to improve decision making for public health emergencies and beyond. Lancet. 2023;401(10391):1831–1834.