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Contextual Insights for Infectious Pathogen Surveillance Using the Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources System Cover

Contextual Insights for Infectious Pathogen Surveillance Using the Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources System

Open Access
|Feb 2026

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Summary of contextual insights coded among triaged articles in Outbreak Use Case 1, across all epidemiological weeks.

THEMATIC CODENUMBER CODED (N = 861)
Clinical presentation33 (3.8%)
Cluster detection12 (1.4%)
Environmental conditions13 (1.5%)
Health behaviours, knowledge, and attitudes67 (7.8%)
Mass gathering warning17 (2.0%)
Public health infrastructure198 (23.0%)
Relaxed restrictions11 (1.2%)
Vulnerable groups69 (8.0%)
Mitigation measures: PHSMs100 (11.6%)
Mitigation measures: MCMs341 (39.6%)
aogh-92-1-4832-g1.png
Figure 1

Contextual data identified from EIOS System during Brazil H3N2 influenza outbreak, 2021.

Table 2

Summary of contextual insights coded among triaged articles in Outbreak Use Case 2, across all epidemiological weeks.

THEMATIC CODENUMBER CODED (N = 165)
Clinical presentation8 (4.8%)
Health behaviours, knowledge, and attitudes29 (17.6%)
Mass gathering warning7 (4.2%)
Public health infrastructure32 (19.4%)
Relaxed restrictions4 (2.4%)
Transmissibility3 (1.8%)
Vulnerable groups22 (13.3%)
Mitigation measures: PHSMs45 (27.2%)
Mitigation measures: MCMs15 (9.1%)
aogh-92-1-4832-g2.png
Figure 2

Contextual data identified from EIOS System during Kenya COVID‑19 Omicron surge, 2021.

Table 3

Summary of contextual insights coded among triaged articles in Outbreak Use Case 3, across all epidemiological weeks.

THEMATIC CODESNUMBER CODED (N = 71)
Clinical presentation12 (16.9%)
Environmental conditions6 (8.4%)
Health behaviours, knowledge, and attitudes3 (4.2%)
Public health infrastructure13 (18.3%)
Vulnerable groups7 (9.9%)
Mitigation measures: PHSMs12 (16.9%)
Mitigation measures: MCMs18 (25.4%)
aogh-92-1-4832-g3.png
Figure 3

Contextual data identified from EIOS System during Afghanistan measles outbreak, 2021‑2022.

Table 4

Summary of contextual insights coded among triaged articles in Outbreak Use Case 4, across all epidemiological weeks.

THEMATIC CODESNUMBER CODED (N = 129)
Clinical presentation5 (3.9%)
Environmental conditions2 (1.6%)
Health behaviours, knowledge, and attitudes9 (7.0%)
Public health infrastructure20 (15.5%)
Relaxed restrictions2 (1.6%)
Vulnerable groups10 (7.8%)
Mitigation measures: PHSMs33 (25.6%)
Mitigation measures: MCMs48 (37.2%)
aogh-92-1-4832-g4.png
Figure 4

Contextual data identified from EIOS System during Nigeria diphtheria outbreak, 2022‑2023.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4832 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996
Language: English
Submitted on: Jun 11, 2025
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Accepted on: Feb 1, 2026
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Published on: Feb 19, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Farah Kader, Raquel Medialdea Carrera, Carolyn Briody, Julie Fontaine, Yeon Kyeng Lee, Johannes Schnitzler, Philip AbdelMalik, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.