References
- 1Food and Agriculture Organization.
Agricultural production statistics 2000–2020 FAOSTAT analytical brief 41 . Food and Agriculture Organization. Accessed July 19, 2023.https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL . - 2World Food Programme.
A global food crisis . World Food Programme. Accessed July 19, 2023.https://www.wfp.org/global-hunger-crisis . - 3World Health Organization.
Fact sheets—malnutrition . World Health Organization. Accessed July 19, 2023.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition . - 4World Health Organization.
WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development . World Health Organization. Accessed July 19, 2023.https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43413 . - 5UNICEF.
UNICEF-WHO-World Bank: joint child malnutrition estimates—2021 edition interactive dashboard . UNICEF. Accessed July 19, 2023.https://data.unicef.org/resources/joint-child-malnutrition-estimates-interactive-dashboard-2021/ . - 6Cummins D, Fonseca MZ, Nguyen T, Tam TP. Teenage pregnancy and early marriage in Timor-Leste: research on the decision-making pathways of young women in the municipalities of Covalima, Aileu and Dili. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11569.68965
- 7Government of Timor-Leste.
Launch of the National Nutrition Award Programme . Government of Timor-Leste. Accessed July 20, 2023.http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=29103&n=1&lang=en . - 8Nabugoomu J, Seruwagi GK, Corbett K, Kanyesigye E, Horton S, Hanning R. Needs and barriers of teen mothers in rural eastern Uganda: stakeholders’ perceptions regarding maternal/child nutrition and health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15(12): 2776. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122776
- 9le Roux K, Christodoulou J, Stansert-Katzen L, et al. A longitudinal cohort study of rural adolescent vs adult South African mothers and their children from birth to 24 months. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019; 19(1): 1–8. DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-2164-8
- 10Maulina R, Qomaruddin MB, Kurniawan AW, Fernandes A, Astuti E. Prevalence and predictor stunting, wasting and underweight in Timor Leste children under five years: An analysis of DHS data in 2016. J Public Health Afr. 2022; 13(2): 2116. DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2022.2116
- 11Wemakor A, Garti H, Azongo T, Garti H, Atosona A. Young maternal age is a risk factor for child undernutrition in Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. BMC Res Notes. 2018; 11(1): 1–5. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3980-7
- 12Kim R, Mejía-Guevara I, Corsi DJ, Aguayo VM, Subramanian SV. Relative importance of 13 correlates of child stunting in South Asia: insights from nationally representative data from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Soc Sci Med. 2017; 187: 144–154. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.017
- 13Li Z, Kim R, Vollmer S, Subramanian SV. Factors associated with child stunting, wasting, and underweight in 35 low- and middle-income countries. JAMA Netw Open. 2020; 3(4): e203386–e203386. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3386
- 14Rodriguez-Martinez A, Zhou B, Sophiea MK, et al. Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants. The Lancet. 2020; 396(10261): 1511–1524. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31859-6
- 15World Bank Group. Poverty in Timor-Leste 2014. Published online September 27, 2016. DOI: 10.1596/25269
- 16Integrated Food Security Phase Classification.
Timor Leste: Chronic Food Insecurity Situation 2018–2023 . Integrated Food Security Phase Classification. Accessed July 23, 2023.https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/fi/c/1151924/?iso3=TLS . - 17Tesema GA, Yeshaw Y, Worku MG, Tessema ZT, Teshale AB. Pooled prevalence and associated factors of chronic undernutrition among under-five children in East Africa: a multilevel analysis. PLoS One. 2021; 16(3):
e0248637 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248637 - 18Wells JCK. Natural selection and sex differences in morbidity and mortality in early life. J Theor Biol. 2000; 202(1): 65–76. DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.1999.1044
- 19Thurstans S, Opondo C, Seal A, et al. Boys are more likely to be undernourished than girls: a systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences in undernutrition. BMJ Glob Health. 2020; 5(12):
e004030 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004030 - 20Ramli, Agho KE, Inder KJ, Bowe SJ, Jacobs J, Dibley MJ. Prevalence and risk factors for stunting and severe stunting among under-fives in North Maluku province of Indonesia. BMC Pediatr. 2009; 9(1): 64. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-9-64
- 21UNICEF.
Breastfeeding . UNICEF. Accessed July 23, 2023.https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/breastfeeding/ . - 22Kumar D, Goel NK, Mittal PC, Misra P. Influence of infant-feeding practices on nutritional status of under-five children. Indian J Pediatr. 2006; 73(5): 417–421. DOI: 10.1007/BF02758565
- 23Rana MJ, Goli S. Does planning of births affect childhood undernutrition? Evidence from demographic and health surveys of selected South Asian countries. Nutrition. 2018; 47: 90–96. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.10.006