References
- 1Gupta PC, Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of areca nut usage. Addict Biol. 2002; 7: 77–83. DOI: 10.1080/13556210020091437
- 2IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Personal habits and indoor combustions. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2012; 100(Pt E): 1–538.
- 3Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K. Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: A meta-analysis with implications for cancer control. Int J Cancer. 2014; 135: 1433–1443. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28643
- 4Lee CH, Ko AM, Warnakulasuriya S, et al. Population burden of betel quid abuse and its relation to oral premalignant disorders in South, Southeast, and East Asia: An Asian Betel-quid Consortium Study. Am J Public Health. 2012; 102(3): e17-e24. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300521
- 5IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut derived nitrosamines. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2004; 85: 1–334.
- 6Ko YC, Huang YL, Lee CH, Chen MJ, Lin LM, Tsai CC. Betel quid chewing, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption related to oral cancer in Taiwan. J Oral Pathol Med. 1995; 24(10): 450–453. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01132.x
- 7Thomas SJ, Bain CJ, Battistutta D, Ness AR, Paissat D, Maclennan R. Betel quid not containing tobacco and oral cancer: A report on a case-control study in Papua New Guinea and a meta-analysis of current evidence. Int J Cancer. 2007; 120: 1318–1323. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22304
- 8Thomas SJ, Bain CJ, Battistutta D, Ness AR, Paissat D, Maclennan R. Betel quid not containing tobacco and oral cancer: A report on a case-control study in Papua New Guinea and a meta-analysis of current evidence. Int J Cancer. 2007; 120(6): 1318–1323. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22304
- 9Wu YH, Yen CJ, Hsiao JR, et al. A Comprehensive Analysis on the Association between Tobacco-Free Betel Quid and Risk of Head and Neck Cancer in Taiwanese Men. PLoS One. 2016; 11(10):
e0164937 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164937 - 10Zeng J, Tang Y, Wu P, Fang X, Wang W, Fan Y, Li X, Zhao S. Alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, betel quid chewing and oral health associations with hypopharyngeal cancer among men in Central South China: a case-control study. Cancer Manag Res. July 10, 2019; 11: 6353–6364. DOI: 10.2147/CMAR.S203439
- 11Wu IC, Lu CY, Kuo FC, et al. Interaction between cigarette, alcohol and betel nut use on esophageal cancer risk in Taiwan. Eur J Clin Invest. 2006; 36(4): 236–241. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01621.x
- 12Lee CH, Wu DC, Lee JM, et al. Anatomical subsite discrepancy in relation to the impact of the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and betel quid on esophageal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2007; 120(8): 1755–1762. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22324
- 13Jayalekshmi PA, Gangadharan P, Akiba S, Nair RR, Tsuji M, Rajan B. Tobacco chewing and female oral cavity cancer risk in Karunagappally cohort, India. Br J Cancer. 2009; 100(5): 848–852. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604907
- 14Jayalekshmi PA, Gangadharan P, Akiba S, Koriyama C, Nair RR. Oral cavity cancer risk in relation to tobacco chewing and bidi smoking among men in Karunagappally, Kerala, India: Karunagappally cohort study. Cancer Sci. 2011; 102(2): 460–467. DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01785.x
- 15Balaram P, Sridhar H, Rajkumar T, et al. Oral cancer in southern India: the influence of smoking, drinking, paan-chewing and oral hygiene. Int J Cancer. 2002; 98(3): 440–445. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10200
- 16Znaor A, Brennan P, Gajalakshmi V, et al. Independent and combined effects of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking on the risk of oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers in Indian men. Int J Cancer. 2003; 105(5): 681–686. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11114
- 17Rao DN, Ganesh B, Rao RS, Desai PB. Risk assessment of tobacco, alcohol and diet in oral cancer-a case-control study. Int J Cancer. 1994; 58(4): 469–73. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910580402
- 18Madathil SA, Rousseau MC, Wynant W, et al. Nonlinear association between betel quid chewing and oral cancer: Implications for prevention. Oral Oncol. 2016; 60: 25–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.06.011
- 19Muwonge R, Ramadas K, Sankila R, et al. Role of tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol drinking in the risk of oral cancer in Trivandrum, India: A nested case-control design using incident cancer cases. Oral Oncol. 2008; 44(5): 446–54. DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.06.002
- 20IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, Tobacco Control.
Vol. 11: Reversal of risk after quitting smoking . IARC 2007, Lyon, France. - 21IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2004; 83: 1–1438.
- 22Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004; 328(7455): 1519. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE
- 23Marron M, Boffetta P, Zhang ZF, et al. Cessation of alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and the reversal of head and neck cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol. 2010; 39(1): 182–196. DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp291
- 24Wang QL, Xie SH, Li WT, Lagergren J. Smoking Cessation and Risk of Esophageal Cancer by Histological Type: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017; 109(12): DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx115
