References
- 1Bidandi F.
The effects of poor implementation of housing policy in the Western Cape: a study case of Khayelitsha Site C . [Master’s thesis]. Cape Town, South Africa: University of Western Cape; 2007.http://etd.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/handle/11394/2388 Accessed February 22, 2020. - 2United Nations Economic and Social Council Special Edition: Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals, Report of the Secretary-General.
https://undocs.org/E/2019/68 . Published May 8, 2019. Accessed April 21. 2020. - 3Anderson M, Carmichael C, Murray V, Dengel A, Swainson M. Defining indoor heat thresholds for health in the UK. Perspect Public Health. 2013; 133(3): 158–164. DOI: 10.1177/1757913912453411
- 4Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Summary for Policymakers . In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley, PM (eds.). Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2013.http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf . Accessed April 30, 2020. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 - 5Vardoukalis S, Dimitroulopoulou C, Thornes J, et al. Impact of climate change on the domestic indoor environment and associated health risks in the UK. Environ Int. 2015; 85: 299–313. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.010
- 6Laurent JGC, Williams A, Oulhote Y, Zanobetti A, Allen JG, Spengler JD. Reduced cognitive function during a heat wave among residents of non-air-conditioned buildings: An observational study of young adults in the summer of 2016. PLoS Med. 2018; 15(7): e1002605. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002605
- 7World Health Organization (WHO).
Housing and health guidelines . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Published 2018.https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276001/9789241550376-eng.pdf?ua=1 Accessed April 30, 2020. - 8Nguyen JL, Schwartz J, Dockery DW. The relationship between indoor and outdoor temperature, apparent temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity. Indoor Air. 2014; 24(1): 103–112. DOI: 10.1111/ina.12052
- 9Quinn A, Shaman J. Health symptoms in relation to temperature, humidity, and self-reported perceptions of climate in New York City residential environments. Int J Biometeorol. 2017; 61(7): 1209–1220. DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1299-4
- 10Van Loenhout JAF, le Grand A, Duijm F, et al. The effect of high indoor temperatures on self-perceived health of elderly persons. Environ Res. 2016; 146: 27–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.012
- 11Kim Y-M, Kim S, Cheong H-K, Ahn B, Choi K. Effects of heat wave on body temperature and blood pressure in the poor and elderly. Environ Health Toxicol. 2012; 27: e2012013. DOI: 10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012013
- 12Sinha P, Kumar TD, Singh NP, Saha R. Seasonal variation of blood pressure in normotensive females aged 18 to 40 years in an urban slum of Delhi, India. Asia-Pacific J Public Health. 2010; 22(1): 134–145. DOI: 10.1177/1010539509351190
- 13Uejio C, Tamerius JD, Vredenburg J, et al. Summer indoor heat exposure and respiratory and cardiovascular distress calls in New York City, NY, US. Indoor Air. 2015; 26(4): 594–604. DOI: 10.1111/ina.12227
- 14Fink R, Eržen I, Medved S. Symptomatic response of the elderly with cardiovascular disease during the heat wave in Slovenia. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2017; 25(4): 293–298. DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4469
- 15Sun X, Luo X, Cao G, et al. Associations of ambient temperature exposure during pregnancy with the risk of miscarriage and the modification effects of greenness in Guangdong, China. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 702: 134988. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134988
- 16Asamoah B, Kjellstrom T, Östergren P-O. Is ambient heat exposure levels associated with miscarriage or stillbirths in hot regions? A cross-sectional study using survey data from the Ghana Maternal Health Survey 2007. Int J Biometeorol. 2018; 62: 319–330.
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00484-017-1402-5.pdf . DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1402-5 - 17Padhy SK, Sarkar S, Panigrahi M, Paul S. Mental health effects of climate change. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2015; 19(1): 3–7. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.156997
- 18World Meteorological Organization – World Health Organization (WMO-WHO).
Heat waves and health: guidance on warning-system development . WMO-No 1142. World Meteorological Organization and World Health Organization; 2015.https://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/WMO_WHO_Heat_Health_Guidance_2015.pdf?ua=1 Accessed April 30, 2020. - 19Tong S, Wang XY, Barnett AG. Assessment of heat-related health impacts in Brisbane, Australia: Comparison of different heatwave definitions. PloS One. 2010; 5: e12155. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.001215520
- 20Lin S, Luo M, Walker RJ, Liu X, Hwang S-A, Chinery R. Extreme high temperatures and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiol. 2009; 20(5): 738–746. DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181ad5522
- 21Parkes B, Cronin J, Dessens O, Sultan B. Climate change in Africa: Costs of mitigating heat stress. Clim. Change. 2019; 154: 461–476. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-019-02405-w
- 22Garland RM, Matooane M, Engelbrecht F, et al. Regional projections of extreme apparent temperature days in Africa and the related potential risk to human health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015; 12: 12577–12604. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121012577
- 23Russo S, Marchese AF, Sillmann J, Immé G. When will unusual heat waves become normal in a warming Africa? Environ Res Lett. 2016; 11(5): 054016. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054016
- 24Engelbrecht F, Adegoke J, Bopape M-J, et al. Projections of rapidly rising surface temperatures over Africa under low mitigation. Environ Res Lett. 2015; 10:
085004 .https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/085004/pdf . DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/085004 - 25Kapwata T, Gebreslasie MT, Mathee A, Wright CY. Current and potential future seasonal trends of indoor dwelling temperature and likely health risks in rural southern Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15: 952. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050952
- 26Naicker N, Teare J, Balakrishna Y, Wright CY, Mathee A. Indoor temperature in low cost housing in Johannesburg, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017; 14: 1410. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111410
- 27Scovronick N, Armstrong B. The impact of housing type on temperature-related mortality in South Africa, 1996–2015. Environ Res. 2012; 113: 46–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.01.004
- 28Berman M, Baztan J, Kofinas G, et al. Adaptation to climate change in coastal communities: Findings from seven sites on four continents. Clim Change. 2020; 159: 1–16. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-019-02571-x
- 29Weather and Climate. Port Elizabeth.
https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Port-Elizabeth,South-Africa Accessed May 05, 2020. - 30Statistics South Africa.
Census 2011 Statistical Release (Revised) P0301.4 . Pretoria: Stats SA Library Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) Data Statistics South Africa.http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf . Published 2012. Accessed April 30, 2020. - 31Statistics South Africa. Poverty trends in South Africa: An examination of absolute poverty between 2006 and 2015.
http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-03-10-06/Report-03-10-062015.pdf . Published 2017. Accessed April 29, 2020. - 32DeMoss TL. Building Houses or Creating Homes: Housing Development Programs and Quality of Life in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
https://dra.american.edu/islandora/object/thesesdissertations:86 . Published August 21, 2012. Accessed April 30, 2020. - 33Kruger AC, Sekele SS. Trends in extreme temperature indices in South Africa: 1962–2009. Int J Climatol. 2013; 33: 661–676. DOI: 10.1002/joc.3455
- 34U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The heat index equation.
https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/heatindex_equation.shtml . Published May 24, 2014. Accessed April 29, 2020. - 35Michelozzi P, Accetta G, De Sario M, et al. High temperature and hospitalizations for cardiovascular and respiratory causes in 12 European cities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009; 179: 383–389. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200802-217OC
- 36Sung T-I, Wu P-C, Lung S-C, Lin C-Y, Chen M-J, Su H-J. Relationship between heat index and mortality of 6 major cities in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ. 2013; 442: 275–281. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.068
- 37Quinn A, Tamerius JD, Perzanowski M, et al. Predicting indoor heat exposure risk during extreme heat events. Sci Total Environ. 2014; 490: 686–693. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.039
- 38Bennett JO, Briggs WL, Badalamenti A.
Using and understanding mathematics: A quantitative reasoning approach . Reading, MA: Pearson Addison Wesley; 2008. - 39Lorenz R, Stalhandske Z, Fischer EM. Detection of a climate change signal in extreme heat, heat stress, and cold in Europe from observations. Geophys Res Lett. 2019; 46(14): 8363–8374. DOI: 10.1029/2019GL082062
- 40Makaka G. A pedestrian approach to indoor temperature distribution. J Renew Energy. 2015;
128496 . DOI: 10.1155/2015/128496 - 41Metzger KB, Ito K, Matte TD. Summer heat and mortality in New York City: How hot is too hot? Environ Health Perspect. 2010; 118: 80–86. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900906
- 42Wellenius GA, Eliot MN, Bush KF, et al. Heat-related morbidity and mortality in New England: Evidence for local policy. Environ Res. 2017; 156: 845–853. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.005
- 43National Home Builders Registration Council (NHBRC). Home Building Manual, October 2014.
http://www.nhbrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Home-Building-Manual-2014-final-Oct-G.pdf . Accessed May 05, 2020. - 44Scovronick N, Sera F, Acquaotta F, et al. The association between ambient temperature and mortality in South Africa: A time-series analysis. Environ Res. 2018; 161: 229–235. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.001
- 45Dodoo A, Ayarkwa J. Effects of climate change for thermal comfort and energy performance of residential buildings in a Sub-Saharan African climate. Buildings. 2019; 9(10): 215. DOI: 10.3390/buildings9100215
- 46Hashemi A. Effects of natural ventilation on thermal comfort in low-income tropical housing. Zero Energy Mass Custom Home (ZEMCH), International Conference. 2019.
https://cris.brighton.ac.uk/ws/files/7012175/ZEMCH_2019_Full_Paper_Template_Natural_Ventilation.pdf Accessed April 29, 2020.
