References
- 1World Health Organization.
WHA 60.22 Health Systems: Emergency-care Systems . 2007. Geneva: Sixtieth World Health Assembly.http://www.wpro.who.int/mnh/A60_R22-en.pdf . - 2World Health Organization.
WHA 68.15. Strengthening emergency and essential surgical care and anaesthesia as a component of universal health coverage . 2015. Geneva: Sixty-eighth World Health Assembly.http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_R15-en.pdf?ua=1 . - 3World Health Organization.
WHA 72.16. Emergency care systems for universal health coverage: ensuring timely care for the acutely ill and injured . 2019. Seventy-second World Health Assembly. Geneva.http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA72/A72_R16-en.pdf . - 4Chang C, Abujaber S, Reynolds T, Camargo C, Obermeyer Z. Burden of emergency conditions and emergency care usage: New estimates from 40 countries. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2016; 33(11): 794–800. DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2016-205709
- 5Anderson P, Petrino R, Halpern P, Tintinalli J. The globalization of emergency medicine and its importance for public health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006; 84(10): 835–9. DOI: 10.2471/BLT.05.028548
- 6Anderson P, Suter R, Mulligan T, Bodiwala G, Razzak J, Mock C. International Federation for Emerency Medicine (IFEM) Task Force on Access and Availability of Emergency Care. World Health Assembly Resolution 60.22 and its importance as a health care policy tool for improving emergency care access and availability globally. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2012; 60(1): 35–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.10.018
- 7Razzak J, Kellermann A. Emergency medical care in developing countries: is it worthwhile? Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(11): 900–5.
- 8Cameron P, Hobgood C, Mulligan T. Developments in international emergency medicine. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2009; 21(5): 339–41. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2009.01211.x
- 9Calvello E, Broccoli M, Risko N, Theodosis C, Totten V, Radeos M, Seidenberg P, Wallis L. Emergency care and health systems: Consensus-based recommendations and future research priorities. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2013; 20: 1278–88. DOI: 10.1111/acem.12266
- 10International EM Core Curriculum and Education Committee for the International Federation for Emergency Medicine. International Federation for Emergency Medicine model curriculum for emergency medicine specialists. CJEM. 2011; 13(2): 109–21. DOI: 10.2310/8000.2011.110446
- 11International Federation for Emergency Medicine. Member Organizations. 24 December 2018. www.ifem.cc. Accessed: 2 May 2019.
https://www.ifem.cc/membership/member-organisations/ . - 12Arnold J. International emergency medicine and the recent development of emergency medicine worldwide. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999; 33(1): 97–103. DOI: 10.1016/S0196-0644(99)70424-5
- 13Arnold J, Holliman C. Lessons learned from international emergency medicine development. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2005; 23(1): 133–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2004.10.001
- 14Alagappan K, Schafermeyer R, Holliman C, et al. International emergency medicine and the role for academic emergency medicine. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2007; 14(5): 451–6. DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2007.01.003
- 15Kirsch T, Holliman C, Hirshon J, Doezema D. The development of international emergency medicine: a role for U.S. emergency physicians and organizations. SAEM International Interest Group. Academic Emergency Medicine. 1997; 4(10): 996–1001. DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1997.tb03667.x
- 16Nowacki A, Landes M, Azazh A, Puchalski Ritchie L. A review of published literature on emergency medicine training programs in low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2013; 6(1): 26. DOI: 10.1186/1865-1380-6-26
- 17Holliman C, Kirsch T, Green G, Wolfson G, Tom P. Guidelines for evaluation of international emergency medicine assistance and development projects. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1997; 30(6): 811–5. DOI: 10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70054-4
- 18The World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups. Accessed 2 May 2019.
https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups . - 19Becker T, Trehan I, Hayward A, et al. Global emergency medicine: A review of the literature from 2017. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2018; 25: 1287–98. DOI: 10.1111/acem.13456
- 20Becker T, Tafoya C, Osei-Ampofo M, et al. Cardiopulmonary ultrasound for critically ill adults improves diagnostic accuracy in a resource-limited setting: The AFRICA trial. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2017; 22(12): 1599–1608. DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12992
- 21Cioè-Peña E, Granados J, Wrightsmith L, Henriquez-Vigil A, Moresky R. Development and implementation of a hospital-based trauma response system in an urban hospital in San Salvador, El Salvador. Trauma. 2017; 19(2): 118–26. DOI: 10.1177/1460408616672491
- 22Crouse H, Vaides H, Torres F, et al. Quality and effectiveness of a pediatric triage training program in a Guatemalan public hospital. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2016; 32(8): 252–8. DOI: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000000277
- 23Denny S, Minteer W, Fenning R, et al. Ultrasound curriculum taught by first-year medical students: A four-year experience in Tanzania. World Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018; 9(1): 33–40. DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2018.01.005
- 24Henwood P, Mackenzie D, Rempell J, et al. Intensive point-of-care ultrasound training with long-term follow up in a cohort of Rwandan physicians. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2016; 21(12): 1531–8. DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12780
- 25Kapoor R, Sandoval M, Avendaño L, et al. Regional scale-up of an Emergency Triage Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) training programme from a referral hospital to primary care health centres in Guatemala. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2016; 33: 611–7. DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2015-205057
- 26Kesinger M, Nagy L, Sequeira D, Charry J, Puyana J, Rubiano A. A standardized trauma care protocol decreased in-hospital mortality of patients with severe traumatic brain injury at a teaching hospital in a middle-income country. Injury. 2014; 45: 1350–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.04.037
- 27Merchant A, Outhay M, Gonzaléz-Calvo L, et al. Training laypersons and hospital personnel in basic resuscitation techniques: An approach to impact the global trauma burden in Mozambique. World Journal of Surgery. 2015; 39: 1433–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00268-015-2966-z
- 28McCredie V, Shrestha G, Acharya S, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of the Emergency Neurological Life Support educational framework in low-income countries. International Health. 2018; 10: 116–24. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihy003
- 29Meaney P, Sutton R, Tsima B, et al. Training hospital providers in basic CPR skills in Botswana: Acquisition, retention and impact of novel training techniques. Resuscitation. 2012; 83(12): 1484–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.04.014
- 30Reynolds T, Noble J, Paschal G, et al. Bedside ultrasound training at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Hospital San Carlos in Chiapas, Mexico. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2016; 6: 125–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2016.03.001
- 31Senarathna L, Buckley N, Dibley M, et al. Effect of a brief outreach educational intervention on the translatino of acute poisoning treatment guidelines to practice in rural Sri Lankan hospitals: A cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013; 8(8):
e71787 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071787 - 32Stolz L, Muruganandan K, Bisanzo M, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound education for non-physician clinicians in a resource-limited emergency department. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2015; 20(8): 1067–72. DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12511
- 33Tafoya C, Tafoya M, Osei-Ampofo M, Oteng R, Becker T. Sustainable resuscitation ultrasound education in a low-resource environment: The Kumasi experience. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2017; 52(5): 723–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.01.050
- 34Wanjiku G, Janeway H, Foggle J, et al. Assessing the impact of an emergency trauma course for senior medical students in Kenya. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2017; 7: 167–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2017.04.013
- 35Stanley L, Min T, Than H, et al. A tool to improve competence in the management of emergency patients by rural clinical health workers: A pilot assessment on the Thai-Myanmar border. Conflict and Health. 2015; 9(11): 1–9. DOI: 10.1186/s13031-015-0041-x
- 36Rouhani S, Israel K, Leandre F, Pierre S, Bollman B, Marsh R. Addressing the immediate need for emergency providers in resource-limited settings: The model of a six-month emergency medicine curriculum in Haiti. International Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018; 11(22): 1–7. DOI: 10.1186/s12245-018-0182-y
- 37Reynolds T, Mfinanga J, Sawe H, Runyon M, Mwafongo V. Emergency care capacity in Africa: A clinical and educational initiative in Tanzania. Journal of Public Health Policy. 2012; 33: S126–37. DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2012.41
- 38Pean C, Davis K, Merrill R, et al. Neer-peer emergency medicine for medical students in Port-au-Prince, Haiti: An example of rethinking global health interventions in developing countries. Annals of Global Health. 2015; 81(2): 276–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2015.03.002
- 39Niyogi A, Villona B, Rubenstein B, Hubbard S, Baiden F, Moresky R. In-service training of physician assistants in acute care in Ghana: Challenges, successes, and lessons learned. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2015; 5: 144–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2015.01.006
- 40Mahadevan S, Walker R, Kalanzi J, et al. Comparison of online and classroom-based formats for teaching emergency medicine to medical students in Uganda. Academic Emergency Medicine Education and Training. 2018; 2(1): 5–9. DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10066
- 41Meshkat N, Teklu S, Hunchak C, TAAAC-EM and the Global Health Emergency Medicien (GHEM) organization at the Division of Emergency Medicine University of Toronto. Design and implementation of a postgraduate curriculum to support Ethiopia’s first emergency medicine residency training program: the Toronto Addis Ababa Academic Collaboration in Emergency Medicine (TAAAC-EM). BMC Medical Education. 2018; 18(1): 71. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1140-3
- 42Keyes C, Rodriguez-Gomez G, Quesada-Rodriguez D, Waller J. The Costa Rican emergency medicine residency: Design and implementation of a new specialty training program in Central America. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1999; 34(6): 790–5. DOI: 10.1016/S0196-0644(99)70108-3
- 43Hammerstedt H, Maling S, Kasyaba R, et al. Addressing World Health Assembly Resolution 60.22: A pilot project to create access to acute care services in Uganda. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2014; 64(5): 461–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.01.035
- 44Aggarwal P, Galwankar S, Kalra O, Bhalla A, Bhoi S, Sundarakumar S. The 2014 Academic College of Emergency Experts in India’s Education Development Committee (EDC) White Paper on establishing an academic department of emergency medicine in India – guidelines for staffing, infrastructure, resources, curriculum, and training. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock. 2014; 7(3): 196–208. DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.136866
- 45Lim A, Geduld H, Checkett K, Sawe H, Reynolds T. Pioneering small-group learning in Tanzanian emergency medicine: investigating acceptability for physician learners. African Journal of Health Professions Education. 2017; 9(1): 24–8. DOI: 10.7196/AJHPE.2017.v9i1.692
- 46Thomas PA, Kern DE, Hughes MT, Chen BY.
Curriculum Development for Medical Education: A Six-Step Approach, Third Edition . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2016. - 47Edgcombe H, Paton C, English M. Enhancing emergency care in low-income countries using mobile technology-based training tools. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2016; 101(12): 1149–52. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-310875
- 48Haile-Mariam T, Koffenberger W, McConnell H, Widamayer S. Using distance-based technologies for emergency medicine training and education. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2005; 23(1); 217–29. DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2004.09.003
- 49Raiman L, Antbring R, Mahmood A. WhatsApp messenger as a tool to supplement medical education for medical students on clinical attachment. BMC Medical Education. 2017; 17(1): 7. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-0855-x
- 50Hobgood C, Anantharaman V, Bandiera G, et al. International Federation for Emergency Medicine model curriculum for emergency medicine specialists. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2011; 23(5): 541–53. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2011.01489.x
- 51Atkinson P, Bowra J, Lambert M, Lamprecht H, Noble V, Jarman B. International Federation for Emergency Medicine point of care ultrasound curriculum. CJEM. 2015; 17(2): 161–70. DOI: 10.1017/cem.2015.8
- 52Hobgood C, Anantharaman V, Bandiera G, et al. International Federation for Emergency Medicine. International Federation for Emergency Medicine model curriculum for medical student education in emergency medicine. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2010; 27(10): 766–9. DOI: 10.1136/emj.2009.087775
- 53Iserson K. The REEME project: A cooperative model for sharing international medical education materials. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2008; 35(1): 95–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.07.075
- 54Celletti F, Reynolds T, Wright A, Stoertz A, Dayrit M. Education a new generation of doctors to improve the health of populations in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Medicine. 2011; 8(10): e1001108. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001108
- 55Moore D
Jr , Green J, Gallis H. Achieving desired results and improved outcomes: Integrating planning and assessment throughout learning activities. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 2009; 29(1): 1–15. DOI: 10.1002/chp.20001 - 56Aluisio A, Mbanjumucyo G, Barry M, Karim N, Levine A. Impact of implementation of emergency medicine training on emergency department mortality in Kigali, Rwanda: An interrupted time-series quasi-experimental design. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2017; 70(4, Supplement): S78. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.07.220
- 57Abujaber S, Chang C, Reynolds T, Mowafi H, Obermeyer Z. Developing metrics for emergency care research in low- and middle-income countries. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2016; 6(3): 116–124. DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2016.06.003
- 58Broccoli M, Moresky R, Dixon J, et al. Defining quality indicators for emergency care delivery: Findings of an expert consensus process by emergency care practitioners in Africa. BMJ Global Health. 2018; 3(1):
e000479 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000479 - 59Aaronson E, Marsh R, Guha M, Schuur J, Rouhani S. Emergency department quality and safety indicators in resource-limited settings: An environmental survey. International Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2015; 8(1): 39. DOI: 10.1186/s12245-015-0088-x
- 60Holliman C, VanRooyen M, GB G, et al. Planning recommendations for international emergency medicine and out-of-hospital care system development. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2000; 7(8): 911–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb02070.x
- 61Thomas, T. Developing and implementing emergency medicine programs globally. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2005; 23(1): 177–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2004.09.005
- 62Kobusingye O, Hyder A, Bishai D, Hicks E, Mock C, Joshipura M. Emergency medical systems in low- and middle-income countries: Recommendations for action. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2005; 83(8): 626–31.
- 63Hodkinson P, Wallis L. Emergency medicine in the developing world: A Delphi study. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2010; 17(7): 765–74. DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00791.x
- 64Busse H, Azazh A, Teklu S, et al. Creating change through collaboration: A twinning partnership to strengthen emergency medicine at Addis Ababa University/Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital – A model for international medical education partnerships. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2013; 20(12): 1310–18. DOI: 10.1111/acem.12265
- 65Caruso N, Chandra A, Kestler A. Development of emergency medicine in Botswana. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2011; 1(3): 108–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.afjem.2011.08.002
