Table 1
Demographic and Clinical Data (n = 155).
| Variable | Number (Percentage) |
|---|---|
| Median Age (IQR) | 17 (14–17) |
| Age Range | 5–19 |
| Female | 77 (49.7) |
| Education of caregiver | |
| None | 35 (22.6) |
| Primary | 76 (49.0) |
| Secondary | 31 (20.0) |
| University | 13 (8.4) |
| Residence | |
| Urban | 74 (47.7) |
| Rural | 81 (52.3) |
| Duration of DM | |
| 0–2 years | 54 (34.8) |
| 2–5 years | 64 (41.2) |
| >5 years | 37 (23.9) |
| Lifetime hospital admissions | |
| None | 33 (21.3) |
| One | 52 (33.6) |
| Two | 32 (20.7) |
| Three | 19 (12.3) |
| More than three | 19 (12.3) |
| Prior blood transfusion | 12 (7.7) |
| Sickle cell disease present | 3 (1.9) |
| Had previous kidney screening | 36 (23.2) |
| Had previous eye exam | 41 (26.5) |
| Problems with vision | |
| None | 97 (62.6) |
| Blurry vision only | 26 (16.8) |
| Floaters only | 14 (9.0) |
| Blurry vision and floaters | 18 (11.6) |
| BMI | |
| Underweight | 20 (13.0) |
| Normal | 101 (65.0) |
| Overweight | 17 (11.0) |
| Obese | 17 (11.0) |
| Positive monofilament test | 29 (18.7) |
| Fasting blood glucose | |
| Normal | 34 (21.9) |
| Hyperglycemia | 113 (72.9) |
| Hypoglycemia | 8 (5.2) |
| Random blood glucose | |
| Normal | 28 (18.1) |
| Hyperglycemia | 123 (79.3) |
| Hypoglycemia | 4 (2.6) |
| Urine dip stick results | |
| Ketones | |
| Positive | 27 (17.0) |
| Protein | |
| None | 108 (69.7) |
| +1 | 43 (27.7) |
| +2 | 4 (2.6) |
| Sugar | |
| None | 47 (30.3) |
| +1 | 41 (26.5) |
| +2 | 40 (25.8) |
| +3 | 27 (17.4) |
| Glycemic Control | |
| Good (<7.5%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Moderate (7.5–10%) | 48 (31.0) |
| Poor (10–12.5%) | 38 (24.5) |
| Very poor (>12.5%) | 69 (44.5) |
| eGFR stage (ml/min/1.73 m2) | |
| Stage 1 (≥ 90) | 124 (80.0) |
| Stage 2 (60–89) | 18 (11.6) |
| Stage 3a (45–59) | 9 (5.8) |
| Stage 3b (30–44) | 4 (2.6) |
Table 2
Prevalence of microvascular complications (n = 155).
| Microvascular complication | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| Nephropathy | 51 (32.9) |
| Retinopathy | 16 (10.3) |
| Neuropathy | 21 (13.6) |
| Autonomic neuropathy | 16 (10.3) |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 8 (5.2) |
| Both autonomic and peripheral neuropathy | 3 (1.9) |
| Any complication | 65 (41.9) |
| More than one complication | 20 (12.9) |
Figure 1
Overlap of microvascular complications (n = 65).
Table 3
Factors associated with microvascular complications (n = 155).
| Variable | Microvascular complication | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n(%) | No n(%) | OR [95% CI] | p-value | OR [95% CI] | p-value | |
| Age Group | ||||||
| 5–12 years | 2 (7.7) | 24 (92.3) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| 13–19 years | 63 (48.9) | 66 (51.2) | 11.5 [2.5–50.5] | 0.001 | 11.1 [2.3–52.0] | 0.002 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 32 (41.6) | 45 (58.4) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| Male | 33 (42.3) | 45 (57.7) | 0.9 [0.5–1.8] | 0.925 | – | – |
| Education of caregiver | ||||||
| None | 16 (45.7) | 19 (54.3) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| Primary | 36 (47.4) | 40 (52.6) | 1.1 [0.4–2.4] | 0.871 | – | – |
| Secondary | 10 (32.3) | 21 (67.8) | 0.6 [0.2–1.5] | 0.266 | – | – |
| University | 3 (23.1) | 10 (76.9) | 0.4 [0.1–1.5] | 0.163 | – | – |
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | 31 (41.9) | 43 (58.1) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| Rural | 34 (42.0) | 47 (58.0) | 0.5 [0.5–1.9] | 0.992 | – | – |
| Duration of diabetes | ||||||
| 0–2 years | 13 (24.1) | 41 (75.9) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| 2–5 years | 14 (21.9) | 50 (78.1) | 1.6 [0.7–3.6] | 0.173 | 1.2 [0.5–3.8] | 0.680 |
| >5 years | 13 (35.1) | 24 (64.9) | 2.5 [1.1–6.1] | 0.033 | 2.7 [0.6–4.5] | 0.292 |
| Number of lifetime hospital admissions | ||||||
| None | 17 (51.5) | 16 (48.5) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| One | 19 (36.5) | 33 (63.5) | 0.5 [0.2–1.3] | 0.22 | – | – |
| Two | 13 (40.6) | 8 (59.5) | 0.6 [0.2–1.7] | 0.38 | – | – |
| Three | 8 (42.1) | 11 (57.9) | 0.7 [0.2–2.1] | 0.51 | – | – |
| More than three | 8 (42.1) | 11 (57.9) | 0.7 [0.2–2.1] | 0.51 | – | – |
| Had blood transfusion? | ||||||
| Yes | 7 (58.3) | 5 (41.7) | 2.0 [0.6–6.8] | 0.239 | – | – |
| No | 58 (40.6) | 85 (59.4) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) | ||||||
| Yes | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0.7 [0.1–7.7] | 0.762 | – | – |
| No | 64 (42.1) | 88 (57.9) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| Fasting blood glucose | ||||||
| Normal | 19 (55.9) | 15 (44.1) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| Hyperglycemia | 43 (38.1) | 70 (62.0) | 0.5 [0.2–1.1] | 0.068 | – | – |
| Hypoglycemia | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | 0.5 [0.1–2.3] | 0.355 | – | – |
| Random blood glucose | ||||||
| Normal | 15 (53.6) | 13 (46.4) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| Hyperglycemia | 49 (39.8) | 74 (60.2) | 0.5 [0.3–1.3] | 0.187 | – | – |
| Hypoglycemia | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | 0.2 [0.03–3.1] | 0.307 | – | – |
| Glycemic Control (HbA1c level) | ||||||
| Moderate (7.5–10%) | 14 (29.2) | 34 (70.8) | 1.0 | – | – | – |
| Poor (10–12.5%) | 12 (31.6) | 26 (68.4) | 1.1 [0.4–2.8] | 0.809 | 1.1 [0.4–2.9] | 0.822 |
| Very poor (>12.5%) (>12.5%) | 39 (56.5) | 30 (43.5) | 3.1 [1.4–6.9] | 0.004 | 3.5 [1.5–8.1] | 0.003 |