References
- 1Terumi K, Wood L, Takaori K, et al. Pancreatic cancer. Lancet. July 2, 2016; 388(10039): 73–85. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00141-0
- 2Buha A, Wallace D, Djordjevic V, et al. Cadmium exposure as a putative risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer: Three different lines of evidence. Biomed Research International. 2017;
1981837 . DOI: 10.1155/2017/1981837 - 3Rahib L, Smith BD, Aizenberg R, et al. Projecting cancer incidence and deaths to 2030: The unexpected burden of thyroid, liver, and pancreas cancers in the United States. Cancer Res. 2014; 74: 2913–21. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-0155
- 4Malvezzi M, Bertuccio P, Levi F, et al. European cancer mortality predictions for the year 2014. Ann Oncol. 2014; 25: 1650–56. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu138
- 5Chen W, Zheng R, He J, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA: A Cancer Journal For Clinicians. 2016; 66(2): 115–132. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21338
- 6Edderkaoui M and Eibl G. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: Underlying mechanisms and potential targets. Frontiers In Physiology. December 10, 2014; 5: 490. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00490
- 7López Serrano A. Risk factors and early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterologia Y Hepatologia. May 2010; 33(5): 382–390. DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2009.10.004
- 8Silverman DT, Dunn JA, Hoover RN, et al. Cigarette smoking and pancreas cancer: A case-control study based on direct interviews. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994; 86: 1510–6. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/86.20.1510
- 9Bonelli L, Aste H, Pugliese V, et al. Exocrine pancreatic cancer, cigarette smoking, and diabetes mellitus: A case-control study in northern Italy. Pancreas. August 2003; 27(2): 143–149. DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200308000-00007
- 10Anderson L, Cotterchio M and Gallinger S. Lifestyle, dietary, and medical history factors associated with pancreatic cancer risk in Ontario, Canada. Cancer Causes & Control: CCC. August 2009; 20(6): 825–834. DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9303-5
- 11Midha S, Sreenivas V, Kabra M, et al. Genetically determined chronic pancreatitis but not alcoholic pancreatitis is a strong risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 2016; 45(10): 1478–1484. DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000000684
- 12Williams R, van Staa T, Gallagher AM, et al. Cancer recording in patients with and without type 2 diabetes in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink primary care data and linked hospital admission data: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2018; 8:
e020827 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020827 - 13Hedström A, Katsoulis M, Alfredsson L, et al. The interaction between smoking and HLA genes in multiple sclerosis: Replication and refinement. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017; 32(10): 909–919. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0250-2
- 14Zheng Z, Zheng R, Chen W, et al. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer in China: A multicenter case-control study. J Epidemiol. 2016; 26(2): 64–70. DOI: 10.2188/jea.JE20140148
- 15Keane MG, Horsfall L, Rait G, et al. A case-control study comparing the incidence of early symptoms in pancreatic and biliary tract cancer. BMJ Open. 2014; 4:
e005720 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005720 - 16Klein A. Identifying people at a high risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2013; 13(1): 66–74. DOI: 10.1038/nrc3420
- 17Yan D, Wang XY, Xu XJ, et al. Analyses of partial risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Journal of Xinjiang Medical University. 2010; 33(08): 928–930.
- 18Huxley R, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Br J Cancer. 2005; 92: 2076–83. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602619
- 19Zhan YS, Feng L, Tang SH, et al. Glucose metabolism disorders in cancer patients in a Chinese population. Medical Oncology. 2010; 27(2): 177–184. DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9189-9
- 20Liao K, Lai S, Li C and Chen W. Diabetes mellitus correlates with increased risk of pancreatic cancer: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2012; 27(4): 709–713. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06938.x
- 21Li BR, Hu LH and Li ZS. Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology. 2014; 147: 541–542. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.054
- 22Apple SK, Hecht JR, Lewin DN, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of K-ras, p53, and HER-2/neu expression in hyperplastic, dysplastic, and carcinomatous lesions of the pancreas: Evidence for multistep carcinogenesis. Human Pathol. 1999; 30(2): 123–129. DOI: 10.1016/S0046-8177(99)90265-4
- 23Raimondi S, Lowenfels AB and Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Pancreatic cancer in chronic pancreatitis, aetiology, incidence, and early detection. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010; 24(3): 349–358. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.02.007
- 24Parkin DM. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer. 2011; 105 Suppl 2: S2–5. DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.474
- 25Brand R, Lerch M, Canto M, et al. Advances in counselling and surveillance of patients at risk for pancreatic cancer. Gut. 2007; 56(10): 1460–1469. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.108456
- 26Iodice S, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P and Lowenfels AB. Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008; 393(4): 535–45. DOI: 10.1007/s00423-007-0266-2
- 27Bosetti C, Lucenteforte E, Silverman DT, Petersen G, Bracci PM, Ji BT, et al. Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (Panc4). Ann Oncol. 2012; 23(7): 1880–8. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr541
- 28Kuzmickiene I, Everatt R, Milinaviciene E, et al. Smoking and other risk factors for pancreatic cancer: A cohort study in men in Lithuania. Cancer Epidemiology. 2013; 37(2): 133–139. DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2012.10.001
- 29Lynch SM, Vrieling A, Lubin JH, et al. Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: A pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium. Am J Epidemiol. 2009; 170: 403–13. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp134
- 30Hassan M, Bondy M, Li D, et al. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: Case-control study. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007; 102(12): 2696–2707. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01510.x
- 31Doll R and Hill AB. Mortality in relation to smoking: Ten years’ observations of British doctors. Br Med J. 1964; i: 1399–1410. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5395.1399
- 32Hao J, Li G and Pang B. Evidence for cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress in the rat pancreas. Inhalation Toxicology. 2009; 21(12): 1007–1012. DOI: 10.1080/08958370802665937
- 33Thiebaut AC, Jiao L, Silverman DT, et al. Dietary fatty acids and pancreatic cancer in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009; 101(14): 1001–1011. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp168
- 34Hamada T, Khalaf N, Yuan C, et al. Pre-diagnosis use of statins associates with increased survival times of patients with pancreatic cancer. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2018; S1542356518301678.
- 35La Torre G, Sferrazza A, Ricciardi W, et al. Investigating the synergistic interaction of diabetes, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and hypercholesterolemia on the risk of pancreatic cancer: A case-control study in Italy. Biomed Research International. 2014; 2014: 481019. DOI: 10.1155/2014/481019
