Table 1
Characteristics of the study participants.
| Study Variables | Patients (N = 1,392) | Controls (N = 3,429) | χ2 | P | OR(95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 830 | 59.63 | 1,981 | 57.77 | 0.16 | 0.689 | / |
| Female | 562 | 40.37 | 1,448 | 42.23 | |||
| Race | |||||||
| Han ethnicity | 1,392 | 100.00 | 3,352 | 97.75 | 3.29 | 0.069 | / |
| Others | 0 | 0.00 | 77 | 2.25 | |||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 1,384 | 99.43 | 2,833 | 82.62 | 25.18 | 0.000 | / |
| Unmarried | 8 | 0.57 | 596 | 17.38 | |||
| Age (years) | |||||||
| <50 | 71 | 5.10 | 1,507 | 43.95 | 1.00 | ||
| 50–59 | 249 | 17.89 | 721 | 21.03 | 21.87 | 0.000 | 25.00 (3.41–200.00) |
| 60–69 | 501 | 35.99 | 452 | 13.18 | 63.18 | 0.000 | 76.92 (10.20–500.00) |
| 70–79 | 313 | 22.49 | 228 | 6.65 | 91.48 | 0.000 | 111.11 (1.52–1000.00) |
| ≥80 | 258 | 18.53 | 521 | 15.19 | 108.51 | 0.000 | 142.86 (19.23–1000.00) |
| Hypertension | |||||||
| Yes | 660 | 47.41 | 1,038 | 30.27 | 12.76 | 0.000 | 2.08 (1.39–3.11) |
| No | 732 | 52.59 | 2,391 | 69.73 | 1.00 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | |||||||
| Yes | 23 | 1.65 | 671 | 19.57 | 26.41 | 0.000 | 0.06 (0.02–0.25) |
| No | 1.369 | 98.35 | 2,758 | 80.43 | 1.00 | ||
| Diabetes | |||||||
| Yes | 511 | 36.71 | 359 | 10.47 | 45.89 | 0.000 | 4.94 (3.03–8.05) |
| No | 881 | 63.29 | 3,070 | 89.53 | 1.00 | ||
| Chronic pancreatitis | |||||||
| Yes | 38 | 2.73 | 14 | 0.41 | 50.01 | 0.001 | 6.85 (3.70–12.68) |
| No | 1,354 | 97.27 | 3,415 | 99.59 | 1.00 | ||
| Biliary disease | |||||||
| Yes | 391 | 28.09 | 622 | 18.14 | 5.95 | 0.015 | 1.77 (1.12–2.80) |
| No | 1.001 | 71.91 | 2,807 | 81.86 | 1.00 | ||
| History of surgical trauma | |||||||
| Yes | 803 | 57.69 | 1,371 | 39.98 | 12.39 | 0.000 | 2.04 (1.37–3.04) |
| No | 589 | 42.31 | 2,058 | 60.02 | 1.00 | ||
| Smoking | |||||||
| Yes | 232 | 16.67 | 112 | 3.27 | 268.31 | 0.000 | 5.92 (4.68–7.49) |
| No | 1,160 | 83.33 | 3,317 | 96.73 | 1.00 | ||
| Family cancer history | |||||||
| Yes | 94 | 6.75 | 124 | 3.62 | 22.56 | 0.000 | 1.93 (1.47–2.54) |
| No | 1,298 | 93.25 | 3,305 | 96.38 | 1.00 | ||
Table 2
Risk factors for pancreatic cancer in multivariable logistic regression analysis.
| Variables | β | SE (β) | Wald (χ2) | AOR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | |||||
| Yes | 1.69 | 0.35 | 22.73 | 5.40 (2.70–10.80) | 0.000 |
| No | 1.00 | ||||
| Chronic pancreatitis | |||||
| Yes | 3.31 | 1.3 | 6.47 | 27.43 (2.14–351.77) | 0.011 |
| No | 1.00 | ||||
| Smoking | |||||
| Yes | 2.18 | 0.54 | 16.24 | 8.86 (3.07–25.58) | 0.000 |
| No | 1.00 | ||||
| Family cancer history | |||||
| Yes | 1.14 | 0.23 | 20.21 | 2.1 (1.09–8.56) | 0.000 |
| No | 1.00 | ||||
| Age, years | |||||
| <50 | 2.79 | 0.44 | 39.3 | 16.20 (6.78–38.69) | 0.000 |
| ≥50 | 1.00 |
[i] Adjusted for gender, race, marital status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, biliary disease, history of surgical trauma, and drinking.
Table 3
Synergistic interactions among age, diabetes, chronic pancreatitis and smoking.
| Interaction Variables | AOR (95% CI) | RERI | API | SI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable 1 | Variable 2 | ||||
| Age1 | Diabetes1 | ||||
| ≤50 years | No | 1 | –31.43 | –26.38% | 0.79 |
| ≤50 years | Yes | 123.06 (10.22–1482.18) | |||
| >50 years | No | 28.50 (9.38–86.62) | |||
| >50 years | Yes | 119.14 (33.91–418.55) | |||
| Age2 | Chronic pancreatitis2 | ||||
| ≤50 years | No | 1 | 447.93 | 96.74% | 32.78 |
| ≤50 years | Yes | / | |||
| >50 years | No | 16.10 (6.73–38.48) | |||
| >50 years | Yes | 463.03 (29.54–7258.03) | |||
| Age3 | Smoking3 | ||||
| ≤50 years | No | 1 | 187.42 | 94.97% | 21.99 |
| ≤50 years | Yes | / | |||
| >50 years | No | 10.93 (4.66–25.64) | |||
| >50 years | Yes | 197.35 (40.49–962.03) | |||
| Diabetes4 | Chronic pancreatitis4 | ||||
| No | No | 1 | / | / | / |
| No | Yes | 23.25 (1.58–342.12) | |||
| Yes | No | 5.35 (2.67–10.71) | |||
| Yes | Yes | / | |||
| Diabetes5 | Smoking5 | ||||
| No | No | 1 | 14.39 | 48.06% | 1.99 |
| No | Yes | 10.48 (3.38–32.52) | |||
| Yes | No | 6.07 (2.85–12.91) | |||
| Yes | Yes | 29.94 (5.36–167.33) | |||
| Chronic pancreatitis6 | Smoking6 | ||||
| No | No | 1 | / | / | / |
| No | Yes | 8.83(3.05–25.55) | |||
| Yes | No | 26.21 (1.76–389.40) | |||
| Yes | Yes | / | |||
[i] 1 Adjusted for sex, race, marital status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, biliary disease, history of surgical trauma, alcohol consumption, chronic pancreatitis, and smoking.
2 Adjusted for sex, race, marital status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, biliary disease, history of surgical trauma, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and smoking.
3 Adjusted for sex, race, marital status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, biliary disease, history of surgical trauma, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and chronic pancreatitis.
4 Adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, biliary disease, history of surgical trauma, alcohol consumption, and smoking.
5 Adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, biliary disease, history of surgical trauma, alcohol consumption, and chronic pancreatitis.
6 Adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, biliary disease, history of surgical trauma, alcohol consumption, and diabetes.
/: P > 0.05.