Table 1
Demographic information concerning the participants.
| Variables | N | % | Variables | N | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | Living area | ||||
| under 11 | 760 | 15.85 | city | 1503 | 31.35 |
| 11–12 | 2092 | 43.64 | small urban | 1133 | 23.63 |
| 13–14 | 1560 | 32.54 | rural | 2138 | 44.60 |
| 15 and over | 376 | 7.84 | Most common means of transportation to school | ||
| Gender | walk | 1969 | 41.07 | ||
| male | 2317 | 48.33 | bicycle | 990 | 20.65 |
| female | 2469 | 51.50 | family vehicle/motorcycle | 1323 | 27.60 |
| Family members in the home | public transportation | 500 | 10.43 | ||
| parents only | 2459 | 51.29 | Traffic injury in past 6 months | ||
| grandparents only | 785 | 16.37 | no | 4387 | 91.51 |
| parents and grandparents | 1278 | 26.66 | yes | 407 | 8.49 |
| other | 272 | 5.67 | |||
[i] Note: Information was unreported for 6 adolescents’ age, 6 adolescents’ family members in the home, 20 adolescents’ living area, and 12 adolescents’ most common means of transportation to school.
Table 2
Subgroup comparisons among Chinese adolescents between scores on ARBQ factors through t-test and ANOVA.
| Variables | N | Unsafe crossing behaviour M (SD) | Playing on the road M (SD) | Planned protective behaviour M (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample | 4794 | 1.62(.47) | 1.30(.37) | 3.16(.63) |
| Gender | ||||
| male | 2317 | 1.65(.49) | 1.34(.41) | 3.12(.66) |
| female | 2469 | 1.59(.44) | 1.27(.32) | 3.20(.61) |
| t(4786) | 4.83*** | 7.18*** | –1.39 | |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| under 11 | 760 | 1.46(.38) | 1.18(.28) | 3.29(.58) |
| 11–12 | 2092 | 1.53(.43) | 1.25(.34) | 3.21(.67) |
| 13–14 | 1560 | 1.76(.48) | 1.40(.39) | 3.07(.61) |
| 15 and over | 376 | 1.87(.47) | 1.44(.35) | 3.00(.51) |
| F(3,4787) | 151.78*** | 93.01*** | 33.22*** | |
| Living Area | ||||
| city | 1503 | 1.57(.46) | 1.22(.30) | 3.35(.60) |
| small urban | 1133 | 1.63(.46) | 1.30(.34) | 3.19(.59) |
| rural | 2138 | 1.64(.47) | 1.35(.41) | 3.02(.65) |
| F(2,4758) | 11.04*** | 72.70*** | 125.53*** | |
| Most common means of transportation to school | ||||
| walk | 1969 | 1.63(.47) | 1.34(.40) | 3.02(.64) |
| bicycle | 990 | 1.69(.49) | 1.35(.39) | 3.19(.62) |
| family vehicle/motorcycle | 1323 | 1.52(.41) | 1.21(.28) | 3.34(.61) |
| public transportation | 500 | 1.72(.49) | 1.33(.35) | 3.19(.61) |
| F(3,4781) | 37.76*** | 46.61*** | 72.42*** | |
| Family members in the home | ||||
| only parents | 2458 | 1.62(.47) | 1.29(.36) | 3.22(.62) |
| only grandparents | 785 | 1.69(.49) | 1.43(.45) | 2.89(.62) |
| parents and grandparents | 1278 | 1.58(.44) | 1.26(.31) | 3.24(.62) |
| others | 266 | 1.63(.45) | 1.30(.36) | 3.10(.61) |
| F(3,4787) | 8.65*** | 42.98*** | 63.59*** | |
| Traffic injury in past 6 months | ||||
| no | 4387 | 1.61(.45) | 1.29(.34) | 3.19(.62) |
| yes | 407 | 1.79(.56) | 1.49(.52) | 2.86(.69) |
| t(4792) | –6.55*** | –7.44*** | 9.23*** | |
[i] *** p < 0.001.
Table 3
International comparisons between scores in ARBQ factors.
| Factor | China M (SD) | Iran M (SD) | 4 high-income countries M (SD) | t(China vs Iran) | t(China vs 4 high-income countries) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unsafe road crossing behaviour | 1.62(.47) | 2.62(.30) | 2.43(.35) | –148.61*** | –120.34*** |
| Dangerous playing in the road | 1.30(.37) | 1.77(.28) | 1.64(.35) | –87.96*** | –63.38*** |
| Planned protective behaviour | 3.16(.63) | 2.76(.78) | 2.80(.84) | 43.74*** | 39.38*** |
[i] *** p < 0.001.
Table 4
ARBQ item rankings, means, and standard deviations from samples in China, Iran, and 4 high-income countries.
| No | Item (How often do you…) | China | Iran | 4 high-income countries | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | M | SD | R | M | SD | R | M | SD | ||
| 39 | Look both ways before crossing | 1 | 4.26 | 1.19 | 1 | 4.21 | 1.13 | 1 | 4.10 | 1.05 |
| 20 | Keep looking and listening until you get all the way across the road | 2 | 4.23 | 1.13 | 5 | 3.32 | 1.4 | 4 | 3.30 | 1.23 |
| 22 | Check to make sure traffic has stopped before using a pedestrian crossing | 3 | 4.17 | 1.15 | 3 | 3.42 | 1.34 | 2 | 3.64 | 1.21 |
| 16 | Cross at a place that is well lit when it is dark | 4 | 3.79 | 1.36 | 2 | 3.5 | 1.35 | 16 | 2.50 | 1.17 |
| 32 | Use lights on your bike when it is dark | 5 | 2.73 | 1.64 | 21 | 2.28 | 1.61 | 6 | 2.83 | 1.17 |
| 41 | Use a traffic police (lollipop man/lady) where there is one available | 5 | 2.73 | 1.44 | 22 | 2.27 | 1.36 | 22 | 2.28 | 1.02 |
| 36 | Walk in single file on roads without pavements | 7 | 2.67 | 1.43 | 6 | 3.06 | 1.41 | 10 | 2.65 | 1.58 |
| 27 | Have to stop quickly or turn back to avoid traffic | 8 | 2.53 | 1.38 | 8 | 2.87 | 1.31 | 10 | 2.65 | 1.27 |
| 13 | Make traffic slow down or stop to let you cross | 9 | 2.39 | 1.35 | 13 | 2.57 | 1.36 | 12 | 2.63 | 1.36 |
| 25 | Not bother walking to a nearby crossing to cross the road | 10 | 2.22 | 1.3 | 12 | 2.58 | 1.36 | 3 | 3.35 | 1.15 |
| 10 | Wear a cycle helmet when riding a bike | 11 | 2.17 | 1.44 | 31 | 1.94 | 1.38 | 20 | 2.36 | 1.41 |
| 29 | Cross when you cannot see both ways very well (like on a bend or top of hill) | 12 | 2.14 | 1.19 | 17 | 2.38 | 1.29 | 19 | 2.40 | 1.02 |
| 37 | Hang around in the road talking to friends | 13 | 2.01 | 1.16 | 35 | 1.66 | 1.12 | 26 | 2.16 | 1.13 |
| 42 | Cross from behind a stationary vehicle | 14 | 1.99 | 1.15 | 9 | 2.77 | 1.27 | 13 | 2.61 | 1.12 |
| 1 | Forget to look properly because you are talking to friends who are with you | 15 | 1.88 | 0.98 | 15 | 2.45 | 1.35 | 7 | 2.82 | 1.12 |
| 30 | Wear reflective clothing when crossing the road | 16 | 1.86 | 1.08 | 30 | 2.05 | 1.27 | 37 | 1.50 | 0.89 |
| 5 | Walk facing the traffic when on roads without pavements | 16 | 1.86 | 1.2 | 20 | 2.32 | 1.28 | 14 | 2.60 | 1.28 |
| 35 | Wear reflective clothing when out on foot in the dark | 16 | 1.86 | 1.17 | 23 | 2.25 | 1.37 | 35 | 1.66 | 1.05 |
| 31 | Think it is OK to cross safely, but a car is coming faster than you thought. | 16 | 1.86 | 1.01 | 11 | 2.59 | 1.17 | 23 | 2.27 | 1.03 |
| 3 | Wear bright or reflective clothing when riding a bike in the dark | 20 | 1.74 | 1.09 | 18 | 2.35 | 1.44 | 32 | 1.83 | 1.25 |
| 8 | Get part way across the road and then have to run the rest of the way to avoid traffic | 21 | 1.72 | 0.97 | 7 | 2.9 | 1.38 | 5 | 2.87 | 1.08 |
| 17 | Run across a road without looking because you are in a hurry | 22 | 1.62 | 0.88 | 28 | 2.13 | 1.2 | 26 | 2.16 | 1.13 |
| 28 | Forget to look properly because you are thinking about something else | 23 | 1.61 | 0.87 | 19 | 2.33 | 1.22 | 17 | 2.46 | 1.04 |
| 14 | Cross without waiting for the ‘green man’ | 24 | 1.58 | 0.88 | 14 | 2.46 | 1.4 | 15 | 2.53 | 1.17 |
| 18 | Cross between parked cars when there is a safer place to cross nearby | 25 | 1.56 | 0.87 | 10 | 2.68 | 1.3 | 8 | 2.80 | 1.10 |
| 33 | See a small gap in traffic and “go for it” | 26 | 1.53 | 0.86 | 4 | 3.35 | 1.36 | 9 | 2.77 | 1.20 |
| 34 | Not notice a car pulling out (say from a driveway) and walk in front of it. | 27 | 1.48 | 0.81 | 16 | 2.43 | 1.11 | 23 | 2.27 | 1.05 |
| 40 | Walking on the road rather than on the pavement | 27 | 1.48 | 0.84 | 25 | 2.21 | 1.3 | 21 | 2.29 | 1.01 |
| 24 | Not notice an approaching car when playing games in the road | 29 | 1.44 | 0.81 | 33 | 1.69 | 1.11 | 31 | 1.91 | 1.07 |
| 7 | Cross whether traffic is coming or not, thinking the traffic should stop for you | 30 | 1.41 | 0.78 | 29 | 2.09 | 1.28 | 25 | 2.26 | 1.20 |
| 11 | Not look because you cannot hear any traffic around | 31 | 1.39 | 0.73 | 27 | 2.14 | 1.31 | 17 | 2.46 | 1.21 |
| 12 | Use a mobile phone and forget to look properly | 32 | 1.37 | 0.77 | 24 | 2.24 | 1.21 | 29 | 2.04 | 1.12 |
| 4 | Run around in a road (e.g. when playing foot ball or bull dog) | 33 | 1.36 | 0.75 | 36 | 1.58 | 1.09 | 28 | 2.07 | 1.18 |
| 15 | Climb over barriers or railings that separate the road from the pavement | 34 | 1.32 | 0.69 | 26 | 2.21 | 1.18 | 30 | 1.95 | 1.14 |
| 23 | Ride on a skateboard (or roller-skates/roller-blades) on the road | 35 | 1.30 | 0.72 | 32 | 1.71 | 1.17 | 34 | 1.78 | 1.15 |
| 26 | Run into the road to get a ball, without checking for traffic. | 36 | 1.27 | 0.65 | 38 | 1.56 | 1 | 33 | 1.82 | 1.01 |
| 38 | Deliberately run across the road without looking, for a dare | 37 | 1.21 | 0.62 | 34 | 1.69 | 1.04 | 40 | 1.37 | 0.83 |
| 6 | Ride out into the road on a skateboard without thinking to check for traffic | 38 | 1.21 | 0.61 | 37 | 1.57 | 1.11 | 38 | 1.41 | 0.84 |
| 21 | Hold on to a moving vehicle when riding a bike | 39 | 1.20 | 0.68 | 39 | 1.52 | 1.04 | 39 | 1.39 | 0.89 |
| 2 | Hold on to a moving vehicle when riding a skateboard/roller-skates/rollerblades. | 40 | 1.14 | 0.49 | 40 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 41 | 1.33 | 0.82 |
| 9 | Play “chicken” by deliberately running out in front of traffic | 41 | 1.12 | 0.47 | 41 | 1.5 | 1.03 | 43 | 1.30 | 0.79 |
| 19 | Play ‘chicken’ by lying down in the road and waiting for cars to come along | 42 | 1.08 | 0.43 | 42 | 1.5 | 1.04 | 42 | 1.31 | 0.83 |
| Cross less than an hour after drinking alcohol | — | — | — | — | — | — | 35 | 1.66 | 1.12 | |