Cooperation between players with intellectual impairments and their partners in Special Olympics unified basketball – an observational study

Waldemar Skowroński; Bartosz Molik; Robert J. Szyman; Słupczyński Bogusław; Miguel Angel Gomez; Jolanta Marszalek

doi:10.5114/areh.2024.145133

Figures & Tables

Descriptive statistics and univariate differences (Mann-Whitney U test) between partners and players in activity with the ball

Game performance indicators	Level 1 (n = 47)						Level 2 (n = 38)						Level 3 (n = 27)						Level 4 (n = 38)

	P (n = 16)		P_II (n = 31)		Z	ES	P (n = 14)		P_II (n = 24)		Z	ES	P (n = 10)		P_II (n = 17)		Z	ES	P (n = 14)		P_II (n = 24)		Z	ES

	x̅	SD	x̅	SD			x̅	SD	x̅	SD			x̅	SD	x̅	SD			x̅	SD	x̅	SD
POINTS MADE AFTER A FAST BREAK†	1.24	1.6	0.68	0.8	−0.66	0.10	1.04	0.5	1.06	1.6	−1.14	0.18	2.03	2.0	0.47	0.7	−2.10	0.40	0.64	0.8	0.31	0.5	−0.96	0.16
POINTS MADE A RESTART †	1.06	1.1	0.58	0.9	−1.50	0.22	1.05	0.8	0.83	1.0	−0.86	0.14	1.09	0.7	0.19	0.5	−2.08	0.40	0.60	0.8	0.32	0.8	−1.19	0.19
STEALS *+	2.10	1.3	0.81	0.8	−2.60	0.38	4.10	2.4	1.75	1.2	−2.79	0.45	3.73	0.8	1.73	1.7	−1.90	0.37	1.53	1.0	0.83	0.8	−1.46	0.24
ASSISTS * + †‡	1.54	1.1	0.23 0.4	−3.47	0.51^	1.64	1.6	0.40	0.5	−2.38	0.39	2.68	0.7	0.21	0.3	−3.07	0.59^	1.29	0.9	0.22	0.4	−3.03	0.49
BLOCKED SHOTS *+	0.96	0.8	0.32	0.4	−2.22	0.32	0.75	1.0	0.08	0.1	−3.18	0.52^	1.96	1.7	0.27	0.4	−1.92	0.37	0.30	0.2	0.15	0.2	−1.46	0.24
OFFENSIVE REBOUNDS†	1.92	1.4	1.50	1.2	−0.71	0.10	4.04	2.6	2.14	1.9	−1.90	0.31	3.79	0.7	1.94	0.9	−2.48	0.48	2.43	1.5	2.06	1.6	−0.64	0.10
DEFENSIVE REBOUNDS *+†‡	4.44	2.6	1.69	1.2	−3.12	0.46	5.23	1.4	2.49	1.8	−3.43	0.56^	7.64	4.5	2.75	2.5	−2.34	0.45	4.93	3.6	2.22	2.4	−2.12	0.34
TURNOVERS +‡	2.30	1.4	2.13	1.2	−0.35	0.05	5.10	2.8	3.11	1.5	−1.96	0.32	5.64	2.1	4.30	2.7	−0.66	0.13	3.44	1.1	1.52	1.2	−3.01	0.49
COMPLETE PASS *+†‡	33.3	12.8	11.30	5.3	−4.27	0.62^	33.30	13.2	11.30	8.4	−3.98	0.65^	34.00	12.2	14.90	7.5	−2.63	0.51^	29.10	7.1	9.08	6.8	−3.99	0.65^
ERRANT PASS +‡	1.31	1.1	0.71	0.5	−1.56	0.23	4.18	2.2	1.63	1.5	−3.17	0.51^	1.99	1.3	1.48	0.8	−0.51	0.10	2.09	0.6	0.87	0.8	−3.46	0.56^
TOTAL PASSES *+‡	34.70	13.4	12.50	5.5	−4.29	0.63^	37.50	12.9	12.90	9.3	−4.10	0.67^	36.00	13.4	16.40	7.6	−2.63	0.51^	31.20	7.4	9.96	7.3	−3.99	0.65^
PASS EFFICIENCY	96.50	2.5	93.00	6.0	−1.73	0.25	87.60	7.7	80.70	24.8	−0.26	0.04	95.00	2.9	89.20	6.5	−1.17	0.23	93.10	1.6	91.00	7.6	−0.71	0.12
CAUGHT PASSES *+‡	33.00	12.3	14.50	6.4	−3.76	0.55^	29.40	7.8	15.80	10.8	−3.23	0.52^	32.90	12.5	16.50	11.8	−1.90	0.37	31.90	6.6	13.60	8.5	−3.89	0.63^
DROPPED PASSES +†	0.22	0.3	0.41	0.4	−1.35	0.20	0.31	0.3	0.74	0.5	−2.25	0.36	0.07	0.1	1.33	1.2	−2.56	0.49	0.57	0.8	0.51	0.6	−0.10	0.02
TOTAL BALL CAUGHT *+‡	33.20	12.3	15.10	6.4	−3.76	0.55^	29.70	7.7	16.50	10.7	−3.04	0.49	33.00	12.5	17.90	12.8	−1.61	0.31	32.50	6.4	14.10	8.3	−3.89	0.63^
% of BALL CAUGHT +†	99.20	1.2	96.60	4.5	−1.69	0.25	98.80	1.3	89.40	13.9	−2.89	0.47	99.70	0.5	92.10	6.3	−2.56	0.49	98.00	2.7	94.70	6.1	−0.66	0.11
SUCCESSFUL PASS OF A DRIBBLE *+†‡	13.50	9.3	2.07	1.9	−3.24	0.47	17.50	8.4	3.53	4.0	−4.15	0.67^	24.10	8.3	2.03	2.3	−2.93	0.56^	11.70	5.4	1.99	2.3	−3.99	0.65^
FIELD GOALS OFF A DRIBBLE+†‡	5.96	5.4	1.32	1.2	−3.44	0.50^	3.36	2.1	1.96	2.5	−2.00	0.32	5.73	2.3	2.13	2.7	−2.20	0.42	6.74	5.3	1.62	2.5	−3.34	0.54^
TURNOVERS WHILE DRIBBLING *+†‡	0.86	0.9	0.52	0.4	−0.76	0.11	1.36	1.1	0.43	0.6	−3.30	0.54^	2.58	1.6	0.76	0.9	−2.21	0.43	1.59	1.1	0.23	0.2	−3.51	0.57^
TOTAL DRIBBLINGS*+†‡	20.30	13.2	3.91	3.1	−3.49	0.51^	22.20	9.9	5.92	6.5	−3.81	0.62^	32.50	9.1	4.93	5.9	−2.92	0.56^	20.10	9.1	3.86	4.7	−4.12	0.67^
EFFICIENCY OF DRIBBLING *	96.10	3.9	76.90	31.4	−2.38	0.35	94.00	3.3	87.60	16.2	−0.05	0.01	92.40	3.5	81.90	18.2	−1.05	0.20	90.50	10.4	92.50	7.8	−0.35	0.06

Descriptive statistics and univariate differences (Mann-Whitney U-test) between partners and players from all levels

Game performance indicators	P (n = 54)		P_II (n = 96)		Z	p	ES

	x̅	SD	x̅	SD
TOTAL POINTS *	7.50	5.79	3.46	3.94	−4.05	<0.001	0.33
2-POINT FIELD GOALS MADE (outside the restricted area)	0.43	0.69	0.30	0.49	−0.82	0.412	0.07
2-POINT FIELD GOALS MISSED (outside the restricted area)	1.91	1.61	2.34	2.31	−0.63	0.528	0.05
2-POINT FIELD GOALS ATTEMPTED (outside the restricted area)	2.34	2.05	2.64	2.68	−0.23	0.819	0.02
% of 2-POINT FIELD GOALS (outside the restricted area)	15.77	18.96	7.88	12.34	−1.73	0.084	0.14
2-POINT FIELD GOALS MADE (inside the restricted area) *	1.85	1.52	0.98	1.42	−3.42	0.001	0.28
2-POINT FIELD GOALS MISSED (inside the restricted area)	3.24	2.11	2.71	2.36	−1.51	0.131	0.12
2-POINT FIELD GOALS ATTEMPTED (inside the restricted area) *	5.10	3.16	3.69	3.44	−2.58	0.010	0.21
% of 2-POINT FIELD GOALS (inside the restricted area) *	34.98	21.87	23.42	22.21	−2.72	0.007	0.22
2-POINT FIELD GOALS MADE *	2.28	1.94	1.28	1.58	−3.13	0.002	0.26
2-POINT FIELD GOALS MISSED	5.16	2.87	5.04	3.32	−0.41	0.682	0.03
2-POINT FIELD GOALS ATTEMPTED	7.45	4.27	6.33	4.48	−1.41	0.159	0.12
% of total 2-POINT FIELD GOALS *	29.16	18.58	17.01	13.89	−3.38	0.001	0.28
3-POINT FIELD GOALS MADE *	0.43	0.80	0.14	0.39	−1.99	0.046	0.16
3-POINT FIELD GOALS MISSED *	1.78	2.08	0.78	1.60	−3.65	0.000	0.30
3-POINT FIELD GOALS ATTEMPTED*	2.22	2.73	0.92	1.86	−3.67	0.000	0.30
% of total 3-POINT FIELD GOALS	14.47	22.07	16.77	26.49	−0.14	0.891	0.01
MADE FREE THROWS *	1.73	2.09	0.47	0.79	−3.70	<0.001	0.30
MISSED FREE THROWS *	1.54	1.18	0.71	0.87	−3.71	<0.001	0.30
FREE THROWS ATTEMPT *	3.28	2.88	1.18	1.52	−4.26	<0.001	0.35
% of FREE THROWS	44.91	29.06	34.54	27.52	−1.46	0.145	0.12
POINTS MADE AFTER A FAST BREAK *	1.11	1.28	0.67	1.09	−2.43	0.015	0.20
POINTS MADE AFTER A RESTART *	0.93	0.94	0.53	0.92	−2.72	0.007	0.22
STEALS *	2.75	1.93	1.23	1.19	−4.17	<0.001	0.34
ASSISTS *	1.64	1.27	0.28	0.47	−6.07	<0.001	0.50^
BLOCKED SHOTS *	0.84	1.04	0.20	0.33	−4.27	<0.001	0.35
OFFENSIVE REBOUNDS *	2.93	1.99	1.91	1.56	−2.54	0.011	0.21
DEFENSIVE REBOUNDS *	5.21	3.01	2.22	1.97	−5.39	<0.001	0.44
TURNOVERS *	3.87	2.34	2.56	1.82	−3.08	0.002	0.25
COMPLETE PASS *	32.29	11.32	11.22	7.15	−7.69	<0.001	0.63^
ERRANT PASS *	2.47	1.85	1.14	1.11	−4.48	<0.001	0.37
TOTAL PASSES *	34.77	11.73	12.37	7.71	−7.71	<0.001	0.63^
PASS EFFICIENCY	92.76	5.78	88.40	15.19	−1.45	0.148	0.12
CAUGHT PASSES *	31.66	9.48	14.99	9.12	−6.89	<0.001	0.56^
DROPPED PASSESS *	0.33	0.51	0.66	0.71	−3.09	<0.002	0.25
TOTAL BALL CAUGHT *	31.99	9.40	15.66	9.21	−6.77	<0.001	0.55^
% of BALL CAUGHT *	98.86	1.80	93.34	9.28	−3.98	<0.001	0.32
SUCCESSFUL PASS OFF A DRIBBLE *	15.58	8.71	2.49	2.90	−7.32	<0.001	0.60^
FIELD GOALS OFF A DRIBBLE *	5.37	4.40	1.71	2.26	−5.51	<0.001	0.45
TURNOVERS WHILE DRIBBLING *	1.42	1.23	0.45	0.59	−5.02	<0.001	0.41
TOTAL DRIBBLINGS *	22.3	11.1	4.65	5.12	−7.38	<0.001	0.60^
EFFICIENCY OF DRIBBLING	93.5	6.40	84.7	21.6	−1.62	0.160	0.13

Descriptive statistics and univariate differences (Mann-Whitney U test) between partners and players in shooting

Game performance indicators	Level 1 (n = 47)						Level 2 (n = 38)						Level 3 (n = 27)							Level 4 (n = 38)

	P (n = 16)		P_II (n = 31)		Z	ES	P (n = 14)		P_II (n = 24)		Z	ES	P (n = 10)		P_II (n = 17)		Z	ES	P (n = 14)		P_II (n = 24)		Z	ES

	x̅	SD		SD			x̅	SD	x̅	SD			x̅	SD		SD			x̅	SD	x̅	SD
TOTAL POINTS * †	10.94	6.6	3.54	2.5	-3.54	0.52^	4.68	2.7	3.73	4.0	−1.12	0.18	9.60	2.9	3.42	3.4	−2.49	0.48	5.88	6.4	3.07	5.3	−1.44	0.23
2-POINT FIELD GOALS COMPLETED (out of the restricted area)	0.44	0.7	0.26	0.4	−0.67	0.10	0.20	0.3	0.33	0.4	−.58	0.09	0.62	0.8	0.34	0.7	−0.92	0.18	0.58	0.8	0.27	0.4	−0.61	0.10
2-POINT FIELD GOALS MISSED (out of the restricted area)	0.97	1.0	0.99	0.7	−0.48	0.07	1.57	1.4	2.91	2.2	−1.78	0.29	2.04	1.2	3.35	3.7	−0.43	0.08	3.22	1.7	2.63	2.1	−0.83	0.13
2-POINT FIELD GOALS ATTEMPTED (out of the restricted area)	1.42	1.7	1.25	1.1	<0.01	<0.01	1.78	1.4	3.24	2.6	−1.61	0.26	2.67	1.9	3.70	4.4	−0.14	0.03	3.81	2.3	2.91	2.4	−1.08	0.18
% of 2-POINT FIELD GOALS (out of the restricted area)	23.75	25.4	13.10	19.3	−1.01	0.15	13.50	18.8	5.78	7.6	−0.65	0.11	16.10	16.7	3.86	7.1	−1.42	0.27	10.80	13.9	7.49	9.4	−0.37	0.06
2-POINT FIELD GOALS COMPLETED (inside the restricted area) *	2.29	1.7	0.95	0.9	−1.98	0.29	1.68	1.2	1.01	1.4	−1.81	0.29	1.94	1.2	0.90	0.9	−1.32	0.25	1.52	1.5	1.03	2.0	−1.57	0.25
2-POINT FIELD GOALS MISSED (inside the restricted area)	3.09	2.6	2.76	1.9	−.035	0.05	3.22	2.4	2.11	2.4	−1.69	0.27	3.64	1.9	4.43	2.7	−0.58	0.11	3.25	1.9	2.46	2.2	−1.38	0.22
2-POINT FIELD GOALS ATTEMPT (inside the restricted area) +	5.38	3.6	3.71	2.6	−1.26	0.18	4.90	2.9	3.11	3.6	−2.05	0.33	5.59	2.9	5.34	2.8	−0.36	0.07	4.77	3.3	3.49	4.1	−1.48	0.24
% of 2-POINT FIELD GOALS (inside the restricted area) *	44.67	23.7	22.40	19.1	−2.26	0.33	37.80	23.8	35.10	28.0	−0.63	0.10	31.30	18.7	18.7	18.7	−0.95	0.18	23.80	15.1	15.10	16.3	−1.40	0.23
2-POINT FIELD GOALS COMPLETED *	2.73	2.3	1.21	0.9	−2.08	0.30	1.88	1.3	1.34	1.5	−1.12	0.18	2.57	0.4	1.25	1.4	−1.54	0.30	2.10	2.3	1.31	2.2	−1.04	0.17
2-POINT FIELD GOALS MISSED	4.10	2.9	3.75	2.1	−0.13	0.02	4.80	2.9	5.02	3.6	−0.12	0.02	5.69	1.4	7.79	3.4	−1.17	0.23	6.47	2.9	5.07	3.4	−1.08	0.18
2-POINT FIELD GOALS ATTEMPT	6.84	4.8	4.97	2.8	−1.19	0.17	6.69	3.6	6.36	4.7	−0.25	0.04	8.26	1.6	9.05	4.2	−0.43	0.08	8.58	5.1	6.38	5.3	−1.03	0.17
% of total 2-POINT FIELD GOALS +†	36.30	22.9	22.50	15.2	−1.84	0.27	30.90	18.7	17.10	14.5	−2.00	0.32	31.70	5.9	12.30	10.8	−2.49	0.48	18.20	13.6	13.30	11.9	−1.09	0.18
3-POINT FIELD GOALS COMPLETED ‡	0.93	1.7	0.14	0.2	−1.77	0.26	0.11	0.3	0.22	0.4	−0.62	0.10	0.64	0.8	0.23	0.6	−0.89	0.17	0.14	0.2	<0.01	0.0	−2.55	0.41
3-POINT FIELD GOALS MISSED *‡	2.50	2.3	0.51	1.0	−3.05	0.44	1.16	1.3	1.67	2.3	−0.02	<0.01	2.35	2.5	0.73	1.2	−1.27	0.24	1.43	2.2	0.08	0.2	−3.36	0.55^
3-POINT FIELD GOALS ATTEMPTED *	3.44	3.4	0.66	1.2	−2.86	0.42	1.27	1.5	1.90	2.7	−.13	0.02	3.00	3.3	0.97	1.4	−1.11	0.21	1.58	2.3	0.08	0.2	−3.41	0.55^
% of total 3-POINT FIELD GOALS	18.26	16.6	39.10	37.1	−0.86	0.13	15.20	35.1	8.14	8.9	−0.64	0.10	16.50	14.8	22.20	38.4	−0.23	0.04	8.86	16.2	<0.01	0.0	−1.32	0.21
COMPLETED FREE THROWS *†	2.94	2.4	0.71	0.9	−3.17	0.46	0.56	0.9	0.39	0.5	−0.21	0.03	2.69	1.8	0.21	0.4	−2.77	0.53^	1.27	1.9	0.45	0.9	−1.24	0.20
MISSED FREE THROWS * ‡	1.65	1.2	0.68	0.8	−2.26	0.33	1.16	1.0	0.74	0.9	−1.30	0.21	2.64	1.5	0.85	0.8	−1.76	0.34	1.33	0.8	0.60	0.9	−2.24	0.36
FREE THROWS ATTEMPTED *†‡	4.60	3.1	1.40	1.6	−3.04	0.44	1.73	1.7	1.13	1.4	−0.97	0.16	5.33	3.4	1.06	1.1	−2.20	0.42	2.60	2.4	1.05	1.7	−2.02	0.33
% of FREE THROWS†	65.5	24.6	47.50	18.3	−1.50	0.22	26.3	25.3	31.20	25.9	−0.04	0.01	48.50	5.6	12.30	17.0	−2.65	0.51^	33.80	30.3	37.80	36.6	−.024	0.04

Cooperation between players with intellectual impairments and their partners in Special Olympics unified basketball – an observational study

Figures & Tables

Descriptive statistics and univariate differences (Mann-Whitney U test) between partners and players in activity with the ball

Descriptive statistics and univariate differences (Mann-Whitney U-test) between partners and players from all levels

Descriptive statistics and univariate differences (Mann-Whitney U test) between partners and players in shooting

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