Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Between-group analysis of variables
| Variable | Groups | Mean SD | Mean difference | aP value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AHD before treatment | KT | 7.80 ± 1.23 | −0.260 | 0.65 |
| No-KT | 8.10 ± 1.37 | |||
| AHD after treatment | KT | 8.98 ± 1.10 | −0.365 | 0.13 |
| No-KT | 9.34 ± 1.60 | |||
| VAS before treatment | KT | 2.20 ± 0.78 | −0.436 | 0.74 |
| No-KT | 2.63 ± 0.80 | |||
| VAS after treatment | KT | 0.60 ± 0.51 | −0.309 | 0.98 |
| No-KT | 0.90 ± 0.70 | |||
| DASH before treatment | KT | 47.00 ± 13.38 | −1.618 | 0.15 |
| No KT | 48.61 ± 18.68 | |||
| DASH after treatment | KT | 15.01 ± 7.07 | −2.345 | 0.39 |
| No KT | 17.44 ± 8.96 | |||
| Physical Symptoms (WORC) before treatment | KT | 49.25 ± 20.68 | 1.859 | 0.94 |
| No KT | 47.39 ± 21.08 | |||
| Physical Symptoms (WORC) after treatment | KT | 18.49 ± 9.95 | −3.746 | 0.01 |
| No KT | 22.23 ± 22.00 | |||
| Sports (WORC) before treatment | KT | 61.49 ± 15.54 | −0.414 | 0.93 |
| No KT | 61.90 ± 13.45 | |||
| Sports (WORC) after treatment | KT | 27.43 ± 10.51 | 2.284 | 0.90 |
| No KT | 25.14 ± 10.43 | |||
| Work (WORC) before treatment | KT | 60.74 ± 15.14 | 0.340 | 0.35 |
| No KT | 55.07 ± 11.30 | |||
| Work (WORC) after treatment | KT | 34.92 ± 10.90 | 2.756 | 0.76 |
| No KT | 32.16 ± 11.02 | |||
| Lifestyle (WORC) before treatment | KT | 55.59 ± 20.17 | −5.528 | 0.22 |
| No KT | 61.11 ± 12.29 | |||
| Lifestyle (WORC) after treatment | KT | 26.75 ± 9.79 | −0.704 | 0.06 |
| No KT | 27.45 ± 16.03 | |||
| Emotions (WORC) before treatment | KT | 63.50 ± 20.25 | 8.590 | 0.65 |
| No KT | 54.90 ± 22.25 | |||
| Emotions (WORC) after treatment | KT | 37.18 ± 13.38 | 16.552 | 0.49 |
| No KT | 20.62 ± 11.95 | |||
| WORC Total score before treatment | KT | 55.94 ± 19.67 | −0.778 | 0.37 |
| No KT | 56.71 ± 14.20 | |||
| WORC Total score after treatment | KT | 24.68 ± 10.66 | −2.647 | 0.72 |
| No KT | 27.32 ± 11.39 |
Detail intervention protocol
| Duration | Experimental Group | Control Group | |
|---|---|---|---|
| KT application | Rehabilitation Program | Rehabilitation Program only | |
| Week 1 to 6 | Kinesio taping on skin for 72 hours on every session | Part A: Range of Motion (2–3 sets of 3–10 reps per day)
| Same as Experimental group |
Part B: Resisted Exercises (1–3 sets of 10–15 reps per day)
| |||
Part C: Stretching Exercises (2×30secs)
| |||
Part D: Patient Education
| |||
Within-group analysis
| Variable | Observation | Experimental (KT group) | Control (No KT group) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean SD | t value | aP value | Mean SD | t value | aP value | ||
| AHD | Pre | 7.84 ± 1.23 | −504 | 0.001 | 8.10 ± 1.37 | −6.27 | 0.000 |
| Post | 8.90 ± 1.10 | 9.34 ± 1.60 | |||||
| VAS | Pre | 2.20 ± 0.78 | 7.236 | 0.000 | 2.63 ± 0.80 | 8.859 | 0.000 |
| Post | 0.60 ± 0.51 | 0.90 ± 0.70 | |||||
| DASH | Pre | 47.0 ± 13.3 | 11.8 | 0.000 | 48.6 ± 18.6 | 9.46 | 0.000 |
| Post | 15.01 ± 7.07 | 17.01 ± 8.9 | |||||
| Physical Symptoms (WORC) | Pre | 49.25 ± 20 | 7.259 | 0.000 | 47.3 ± 21.08 | 24.26 | 0.000 |
| Post | 18.49 ± 9.9 | 22.0 ± 22.0 | |||||
| Sports (WORC) | pre | 61.49 ± 15.5 | 7.645 | 0.000 | 61.9 ± 13.5 | 19.21 | 0.000 |
| Post | 27.4 ± 10.5 | 25.1 ± 10.4 | |||||
| Work (WORC) | Pre | 60.7 ± 15.1 | 8.542 | 0.000 | 55.0 ± 11.3 | 13.77 | 0.000 |
| Post | −34.9 ± 10 | 32.19 ± 11.0 | |||||
| Lifestyle (WORC) | Pre | 55.5 ± 20.1 | 4.07 | 0.003 | 61.1 ± 12.1 | 8.97 | 0.000 |
| Post | 26.75 ± 9.79 | 27.4 ± 16.9 | |||||
| Emotions (WORC) | Pre | 63.5 ± 23.2 | 4.87 | 0.001 | 54.9 ± 23.2 | 8.14 | 0.000 |
| Post | 37.1 ± 13.3 | 20.61 ± 11.9 | |||||
| WORC Total score | Pre | 55.9 ± 19.6 | 8.52 | 0.000 | 56.71 ± 14.2 | 14.53 | 0.000 |
| Post | −24.6 ± 10.6 | 27.3 ± 11.39 | |||||