| Fung et al. (2012) [25] | Nintendo Wii Fit™ | 50 individuals who have undergone TKA | Length of outpatient rehabilitation, 2-minute walk test, knee ROM, timed standing, ABC Scale, Lower Extremity Functional Scale and NPRS (every 2 weeks until discharge) |
TG: physiotherapy session followed by 15 minutes of Wii Fit gaming activities. The games encouraged lateral and multidirectional weight shifting, and provided visual feedback regarding postural balance. CG: physiotherapy session followed by 15 minutes of lower extremity strengthening and balance training exercises. Both control and study interventions were provided in addition to and following each regularly scheduled 60-minute physiotherapy session
| Every 2 weeks until discharge each group: 75 min | There were no significant differences between groups. Wii Fit is potentially acceptable as an adjunct to physiotherapy intervention for patients following total knee replacement. |
| Piqueras et al. (2013) [19] | Custom image processing program | 133 individuals who have undergone TKA | muscle strength, ROM, WOMAC, TUG, VAS |
| 10 days/60 min |
Patients in the interactive virtual telerehabilitation group achieved improvements in the functional variables similar to those achieved in the conventional therapy group. A 2-week interactive virtual telerehabilitation programme is at least as effective as conventional therapy.
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| Koo et al. (2018) [15] | Augmented reality integrates VR and analog MT via a real-time image processing technique | 22 individuals who have undergone TKA | Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale, VAS, WOMAC, 6 minute walking test | Groups are received analgesia and enhanced reality therapy. Evaluation was performed 5, 12, 33 days after the initiation of enhanced reality. | Full term intervention group: 5 weekdays over 2 weeks) half term intervention group: (HFI: intervention was provided for 1 week). |
Analgesia in the 2-week therapy group was effective until the third evaluation, whereas in the other group, it was effective only until the second evaluation. Improvement in ROM in the 2-week group was also maintained until the third evaluation.
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| Ku et al.(2018) [18] | 3D-ARS | 44 elderly individuals | FAC, MBI, BBS, TUG, FMA, Tetrax posturography |
| 30 minutes, 3 times per week, for 4 weeks | There is improvement in both groups, but parameters such as balance, weight distribution and fall risk are better in TG. |
| Kim et al. (2019) [24] | Nintendo Wii | 21 individuals with Functional Ankle Instability | static and dynamic balance (Biodex Balance System) |
TG: strength and balance exercises were done for 10 minutes each using a program included in the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus. CG: four ankle strength exercises using the TheraBand and the balance exercises were performed for 10 minutes each.
| 30 minutes, 3 times per week, for 4 weeks | VR exercise is more effective in the overall direction (static) and medial-lateral direction (dynamic) of balance than conventional method. |
| Bettger et al. (2020) [22] | Virtual Exercise Rehabilitation Assistant (VERA) | 247 individuals who have undergone TKA | hospitality cost, KOOS, pain, falls, knee flexion and extension ROM, 10-m gait speed |
TG: virtual PT program (involving an avatar coach and telerehabilitation with remote clinician oversight by a physical therapist) CG: followed their care team’s recommendations for all preoperative and postoperative medical and rehabilitative care
| 6 weeks | Receive virtual PT with VERA had significantly lower 3-month health-care costs relative to usual care. Virtual PT was as effective and safe as traditional PT (except in terms of the rate of falls). |
| Gionala et al. (2020) [23] | Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System | 85 individuals with total knee arthroplasty | intensity of pain, knee injury, health-related quality of life, overall perceived effect, functional independent measurement, medication assumption, isometric strength of quadriceps and hamstrings, flexion range of motion, proprioception |
| 60 minutes/day sessions until discharge (around 10 days after surgery) | VR-based rehabilitation is not superior to traditional rehabilitation in terms of pain relief, medication use, and other functional outcomes, but it does appear to improve overall proprioception. |
| Sadeghi et al. (2021) [13] | Sport Xbox Kinect | 64 elderly individuals | Isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring strength in dominant and non-dominant legs, single-legged stance on hard and foam surfaces, tandem stance, timed up-and-go and walking speed |
| 40 minutes, 3 times per week, for 8 weeks | MIX provided greater improvements in strength, balance, and functional mobility than BT, VR, and CG; VR demonstrated better balance and functional mobility than CT and CG; and CT showed better balance and functional mobility than CG. |
| Fuchs et al. (2022) [21] | Samsung Gear VR | 55 elderly individuals |
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CG: conventional physiotherapy and CPM device (Continuous passive motion device) were applied. EG: Exercise Group: conventional physiotherapy and CPM device (Continuous passive motion device) were applied, additional VR method was applied.
| 2 days, each session 15 minutes | After the intervention, pain and anxiety decreased in both groups, but there was no difference between the groups. There was no difference in WOMAC scores between groups at the six-month postoperative examination. |
| Pournajaf et al. (2022) [20] | Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System | 56 individuals with unilateral total knee replacement between the ages of 45 and 80 | Timed Up and Go (functional mobility) walking speed, pain intensity, lower extremity muscle strength, independence in daily living activities, gait and postural parameters |
| 15 session, 5 times/week, each session 45 minutes | VR-based balance training may improve gait and postural outcomes for individuals with total knee replacement. VR-based balance training, although not superior to the Control group findings, can be considered as an alternative to the traditional approach. and can be added regularly to the rehabilitation program for individuals with total knee prosthesis. |
| Mete et al. (2022) [16] | MarVAJED® (Marmara Visual Auditory Joint Education Device) | 60 patients with knee osteoarthritis between the ages of 40–65 | Pain intensity range of motion functional status kinesiophobia proprioceptive acuity, muscle strength |
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| Exercise combined with traditional physiotherapy programs in patients with knee OA provided more positive improvements in pain, freedom of movement, postural stability, kinesiophobia, proprioceptive acuity and functional status compared to the traditional physiotherapy program alone. |
| Gonzalez et al. (2022) [17] | Wii Fit plusTM | 73 patients over 50 years of age |
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| 12 sessions, 2 times per week, for 6 weeks traditional physiotherapy: 10 min virtual reality: 10 min | In the short term, the addition of virtual reality via the Nintendo Wii and the Wii Balance Board platform showed statistically significant differences in the function of patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery, but these differences were of minimal clinical significance |
