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Parents of children with developmental disability have insufficient knowledge about healthy sleep in children Cover

Parents of children with developmental disability have insufficient knowledge about healthy sleep in children

Open Access
|Jun 2023

Figures & Tables

Differentiation Analysis of the PSKI Scores according to the Number of Children of the Respondent

Subscales According to Sleep CharacteristicsNumber of children in the familynS.D.FpDifference
Normal Sleep1398.464.30
2549.944.214.8750.009Ø1–3 (p = 0.009¥ **)
35311.173.87
Hours1393.561.77
2543.691.850.9190.401Ø-
3534.041.71
Naps1392.361.35
2543.461.707.3010.001Ø1–2 (p = 0.003¥ **)
3533.421.42 1–3 (p = 0.005¥ **)
Sleep Problems1397.793.70
2549.063.952.3570.098Ø
3539.473.56
Apnea ⁄Snoring1391.001.08
2541.371.141.9230.150Ø
3531.431.10
Daytime Sleepiness1390.690.80
2540.760.640.1340.874Ø
3530.750.59
Body Movements1390.310.47
2540.410.501.0000.371δ
3530.450.50
Waking1395.182.87
2546.313.213.1740.045Ø* 1–3 (p = 0.050¥*)
3536.742.81
Settling1393.721.67
2543.981.570.4400.645Ø
3534.001.45
Dreams/Nightmares13917.056.35
25418.134.302.2880.105Ø
35316.084.43
Infancy1393.490.562.9550.055Ø
2544.050.55
3533.670.50
Early Childhood1392.370.38
2542.570.350.3550.702Ø
3532.300.32
Middle Childhood1392.970.48
2542.630.363.8550.023Ø*1–3 (p = 0.025¥*)
3532.560.35
Adolescence1391.580.25
2541.810.252.1980.115Ø-
3531.560.21
PSKI Total Score1397.291.17
2547.140.974.4290.008δ**1–2 (p = 0.075Ʋ*)
3536.350.87 1–3 (p = 0.002Ʋ**)

Parents Sleep Knowledge Inventory (PSKI) questions, percentages of the responses for all questions, percentages of the correct/false responses

0 (not true)1 (somewhat or sometimes true)2 (very true)3 (don’t know)Cumulative Percent of False Responses

%%%%%
1. Infants, aged 1–3 months old, should sleep 3–4 h after each waking period5.4829.4550.6814.3849.31
2. One-year-olds typically sleep soundly throughout the night and take one nap during the day12.3332.1950.0050.0050.00
3. Children, aged 6–12 years, do not typically take naps20.5533.5636.309.5963.70
4. Children, aged 6–12 years, are less likely to struggle or argue about going to bed than 3–5-year-olds6.8531.5148.6313.0151.37
5. Nightmares are common among children aged 6–12 years12.3324.6630.1432.8869.86
6. Adolescents, aged 13–18 years, require 10.5–12.5 h of sleep within a 24-h period10.9632.1934.2522.6089.04
7. It is normal for an infant (up to 24 months) to have difficulty sleeping alone versus sleeping with a parent11.6429.4551.377.5388.36
8. Newborn infants generally wake for 1–2 h before falling back to sleep18.4932.1939.739.5960.27
9. A newborn infant requires 16–20 h of sleep within a 24-h period8.9013.7060.9616.4439.04
10. It is considered unusual for infants (up to 24 months) to wake periodically at night24.6630.1425.3419.8675.34
11. Two-year-olds sleep approximately 18 h within a 24-h period29.4543.1515.0712.3370.55
12. It is considered normal for children, aged 6–12 years, to get out of bed three times throughout the night31.7228.2820.0020.0068.28
13. Five-year-olds take a short daytime nap and start to give up napping8.2219.8657.5314.3880.14
14. Breastfeeding has been found to decrease an infant’s ability to sleep soundly throughout the nigh22.6019.1830.8227.4069.18
15. One-year-olds sleep approximately 13–16 h within a 24-h period5.4835.6247.2611.6494.52
16. One-year-olds take 2–3 h of naps during the day8.2231.5150.689.5949.32
17. Children, aged 2–5 years, typically sleep soundly throughout the night15.7540.4133.5610.2766.44
18. Toddlers, aged 2–3 years, sleep sounder when able to use a security object (i.e. a blanket. teddy bear. etc.)7.5332.1946.5813.7053.42
19. Infants, aged 4–8 months, do not experience dreams14.3817.8121.9245.8985.62
20. Children, aged 11–13 years, dream about activities they experienced throughout the day7.5322.6045.2124.6654.79
21. Most children. aged 5–10 years. sleep soundly at night and are very alert during the day8.9027.4052.7410.9647.26
22. Children, aged 3–5 years, normally nap during the day19.1840.4127.4013.0159.59
23. The degree of attachment between a parent and their infant, aged up to 12 months, impacts an infant’ s sleep pattern12.3322.6045.8919.1877.40
24. A newborn will usually take between four and six naps during the day12.3320.5554.1154.1145.89
25. Feeding an infant (up to 24 months) too often at night may cause them to wake more frequently during the night10.9627.4049.3212.3350.68
26. Toddlers, aged 2–3 years, typically have trouble sleeping when they use a security object (i.e. a blanket. teddy bear. etc.) to go to sleep23.2936.9923.9715.7576.71
27. Adolescents tend to report high rates of sleepless nights14.3823.2938.3623.9785.62
28. A child sleeps more restlessly in cold weather than in hot weather19.1831.5131.5117.8180.82
29. Three-year-olds report that their dreams consist of animal figures that look human10.9627.4015.7545.8984.25
30. Children, aged 6–10 years, normally take at least 20 min to settle or go to sleep6.8526.0343.1523.9756.85
31. A newborn infant should spend approximately 70% of every 24-h period asleep6.8514.3867.1211.6432.88
32. Bottle-fed infants (up to 24 months) sleep less throughout the night than breastfed infant14.3830.1424.6630.8285.62
33. It is considered normal for an infant (up to 24 months) to wake periodically throughout the night. as long as they can fall back to sleep independently5.4829.4540.4124.6659.59
34. Adolescents spend about 12 h of a 24-h period asleep10.2735.6230.8223.2989.73
35. It is more common for an infant aged 1–2 months to wake throughout the night than an infant aged 9–12months3.4218.4963.0115.0796.58
36. Children, aged 6–7 years, most often dream about ghosts and the supernatural9.5923.2932.8834.2567.12
37. If children nap too often or for too long during the day. they may wake more frequently during the night5.4823.9753.4217.1246.58
38. Children, aged 6–7 years, do not typically report dreams of being chased or threatened11.0322.0715.1751.7288.97
39. Toddlers, aged 1–3 years, typically have difficulty falling asleep13.0144.5230.8211.6455.48
40. Sixteen-year-olds require approximately 10.5 h of sleep within a 24-h period8.9023.9734.2532.8891.10
41. Ten-year-olds require approximately 9.5 h sleep within a 24-h period10.2727.4035.6226.7189.73
42. Adolescents sleep more on school nights than on non-school night8.9019.8648.6322.6091.10
43. A toddler, aged 1–3 years, may have a sleep problem if they wake for more than 20 min during the night7.5330.1441.7820.5558.22
44. Fifteen-year-olds require approximately 9 h of sleep within a 24-h period7.5328.0838.3626.0361.64
45. Six-year-olds require approximately 13.5 h of sleep within a 24-h period7.5332.8827.4032.1992.47
46. If a sleeping infant (up to 24 months) stops breathing for 20 s or more. they may have sleep apnea (an absence of breathing)6.1613.0134.2546.5865.75
47. Toddlers, aged 2–3 years, take one nap in the morning and one nap in the afternoon11.0337.9337.2413.7988.97
48. Children, aged 6–10 years, demonstrate frequent body movements during their sleep8.9031.5139.7319.8660.27
49. Ten-year-olds sleep the same amount of time on school nights as on non-school nights14.3832.1921.9231.5178.08
50. Adolescents who snore may have sleep apnea (the absence of breathing)7.5323.2933.5635.6266.44
51. Children begin to report having dreams at approximately age 3 years8.9035.6232.1923.2967.81
52. Three-year-olds require approximately 14.8 h of sleep within a 24-h period10.2739.0429.4521.2389.73
53. Four-year-olds are often awoken from their sleep by dreams10.2736.9926.7126.0389.73
54. Difficulty breathing, sweating, and enuresis (bed-wetting) may be a sign of apnea (an absence of breathing) in children5.5222.0726.2146.2173.79
55. Infants (up to 24 months) usually sleep soundly when they sleep with their parents5.4825.3455.4813.7074.66
56. Children, aged 11–13 years, usually dream about animals9.6622.0718.6249.6689.73
57. Infants should be put to bed when they are drowsy. not once they are asleep10.2724.6651.3713.7048.63
58. From the age of 3 months, a consistent and pleasant bedtime routine can be established9.5917.8160.2712.3339.73
59. Up until 2 years of age. television viewing at bedtime can be helpful in getting a child to sleep52.7425.3410.2711.6447.26
60. Adolescents snore on a nightly basis35.6225.349.5929.4564.38
61. School-aged children are often sleepy during the day15.0738.3630.8215.7584.93
62. Sometimes children get a second wind late in the day or evening and become overly alert. In these cases, the child needs sleep and must go to bed, despite their probable resistance6.1623.9747.9521.9293.84

Descriptive variables of participants

Who Responded to the InventoryNumber (n)Percentage (%)

Mother13793.83
Father96.16

Educational Status of RespondentsNumber (n)Percentage (%)

Literate/Primary/Secondary School Graduate7551.36
High School Graduate4128.08
University Graduate3020.54

Number of Children in the FamilyNumber (n)Percentage (%)

13926.71
25436.98
3 or more5336.30

Monthly Income Level (Turkish Liras)Number (n)Percentage (%)

5 Thousand Liras and Under11276.71
5 Thousand-7 Thousand Liras1913.01
7 Thousand Liras and Above1510.27

Perception of the Presence of Sleeping Problems (Parent Proxy)Number (n)Percentage (%)

No sleep problems10873.97
Slight or serious sleep problems3826.02
Language: English
Page range: 38 - 47
Submitted on: Mar 11, 2023
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Accepted on: Jun 25, 2023
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Published on: Jun 26, 2023
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

© 2023 Demet Gözaçan Karabulut, Ayşe Numanoğlu Akbaş, published by University of Physical Education in Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.